Designed to enhance athletic performance, pre-workout supplements have been around since the ‘80s. However, they’ve more recently taken the fitness industry by storm and are now one of the most widely used supplements by gym-goers thanks to their positive effects on endurance, strength, and even recovery.
Legion has made a name for itself in the supplement industry for making well-researched, all-natural supplements with clinically-dosed ingredients at a fair price—and without unnecessary additives. Their line of Pulse pre-workout comes in the original formulation, which includes caffeine, and a non-stim version for those who may do better without it.
Our fitness and nutrition experts reviewed ingredients, efficacy, research to support claims, price, and more, giving you the pros and cons to each of these Pulse pre-workout supplements.
Medical disclaimer: This article is intended for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for medical advice. For health advice, contact a licensed healthcare provider.
Key product features
What you should know
Legion’s Pulse pre-workout uses all-natural ingredients, flavors, and sweeteners to deliver a high-quality supplement designed to increase energy, strength, and during workouts. Unlike some other pre-workouts, this unique blend may offer a boost without leaving you feeling jittery, for those who are fine with a higher dose of caffeine, or without that dreaded post-workout crash.
- Pulse contains six, clinically-studied ingredients including caffeine, amino acids, and nootropics in 21 naturally-flavored options.
- Pulse is competitively priced at $44.99 for 20 servings—$2.25 per serving.
- This product is ideal for athletes looking for a natural pre-workout supplement to enhance gains without the unwanted side-effects such as jitteriness, stomach upset, and energy crash that other pre-workouts often cause.
Legion Pulse Pre-Workout overview
Legion is a trusted name in the supplement space thanks to their use of quality ingredients in effective doses, and Legion’s Pulse pre-workout is no different. With six scientifically-backed ingredients, this pre-workout will most likely lead to improved energy, endurance, and strength during workouts and easier workout recovery by reducing muscle soreness.
Pulse’s ingredients are verified and checked for purity and potency, and are free from banned substances as part of their third-party testing process through ISO Labs. Pulse uses natural flavors, colors derived from fruit and vegetable juice, and products are sweetened with erythritol and stevia leaf extract. Legion also leaves out unnecessary fillers, so you’re only paying for ingredients that actually work.
Pulse is gluten-free, vegetarian, and vegan, making it suitable for a variety of diets.
Pulse comes in 21 fruity flavors including best sellers like fruit punch, blue raspberry, and peach ring. Some users comment that the flavor can be too intense, and Legion recommends watering it down a bit more to decrease the flavor intensity. Our product testers tried three flavors, noting that the various flavors were a bit sweet and slightly bitter, but were more enjoyable when slightly watered down.
Our team of testers were very satisfied with the way the product easily mixes into water, whether you choose to put it in a shaker, stir it with a straw, or use a handheld mixer. There was no noticeable grittiness to the drink, and the powder did not settle down to the bottom.
Lastly, all product testers liked the energy the product provided and felt more focused and motivated at the gym. They like that there is a slow release of energy when the product starts wearing off, not an uncomfortable hard crash.
This product is $2.25 per serving, making it competitively priced when compared to other popular pre-workout supplements. While there are less expensive options on the market, we think the use of quality ingredients in appropriate doses, third-party testing, and 365-day money-back guarantee make this an easy choice when shopping for a pre-workout supplement.
Legion Pulse Pre-Workout ingredients
Legion’s Pulse pre-workout contains six scientifically studied ingredients in clinically effective doses.
L-citrulline malate
You’ll find a fairly standard dose of 8,000 mg of the amino acid L-citrulline malate. Studies show that doses between 4,000 and 8,000 mg may be effective in boosting nitric oxide levels which can lead to improvements in muscle endurance and aerobic performance. Additionally, it may reduce symptoms of muscle soreness post work-out due to improvements in nutrient delivery and removal of waste products in muscle tissue. (1, 2)
Beta-alanine
Next, is 3,600 mg of another amino acid, beta-alanine. Beta-alanine is effective at increasing carnosine levels in the blood which helps prevent muscles from becoming acidic leading to fatigue. Research supports the use of beta-alanine to reduce exercise-induced fatigue, increase workload, and improve aerobic performance, especially during high intensity exercises. However, this ingredient can sometimes be problematic for some users as it may cause a tingling or prickling sensation when ingested in doses exceeding 800 mg. The most common recommendation is 3 grams per day. Keep in mind, there are no reported safety concerns when taken in daily doses of less than 6.4 grams for up to eight weeks. (3, 4)
Betaine
Legion includes 2,500 grams of the amino acid betaine, which can potentially increase strength and help maintain fluid balance, especially at this clinically effective dose. Studies show it can lead to reduced perceptions of fatigue, leading to more reps and improved muscular endurance. (5)
Alpha-GPC
Alpha-GPC is included here and is considered a type of nootropic. Nootropics are often added to pre-workouts thanks to their ability to enhance cognitive performance in the areas of thinking, learning, memory, and motivation. (6) Athletes can benefit from 300 mg of alpha-GPC as it prevents reduced choline levels caused during exercise. Choline is essential for overall brain health and plays a role in memory, mood, muscle control, and other nervous system functions. (7) It may also improve endurance and output, but more up-to-date research is needed to validate these claims. Unfortunately, most Americans consume less than the adequate intake from diet alone, which is 3,500 mg for adults aged 19+, so this supplement is helpful in giving your body an extra boost. (7) Other sources of choline can be found in cruciferous veggies, fish, chicken, eggs and several other common foods.
Caffeine
You also get 350 mg of caffeine. Caffeine has been shown to increase mental focus, acuity, and athletic performance. Both men and women benefit from caffeine ingestion while performing aerobic exercises like running, cycling, or swimming. However, men tend to receive a greater effect for anaerobic activities like weightlifting. (8)
Some people may experience a nervous or anxious feeling with caffeine ingestion and may want to avoid this additive by choosing a non-stim pre-workout supplement instead. If you are looking to start including caffeine, building up your dose to higher amounts such as 350 mg, will help you see what your top tolerance is. Others like teen athletes, pregnant and lactating women, and those with certain medical conditions should probably avoid it all together.
L-theanine
L-theanine is an amino acid found in green tea leaves that may also improve athletic performance and concentration during a workout, especially when paired in a 1:1 ratio with caffeine. Pulse provides 350 mg of L-theanine, creating that perfect ratio. (9)
Electrolytes
Lastly, you get some added electrolytes: calcium, potassium, and sodium, which can help maintain proper hydration and improve recovery. (10)
What customers are saying
Amazon customers are generally satisfied with Legion Pulse pre-workout, giving it an average rating of 4.2 out of 5 stars with over 16,700 reviews. Customers like the energy boost it provides and the use of high-quality ingredients.
Amazon customer Rich Frye states, “I’ve been using Legion Pulse as my go-to pre-workout and it has completely transformed my workouts. As someone who trains intensely, I need a supplement that can keep up, and Pulse delivers every time. The clean energy boost is one of the best things about Pulse. It gives me a smooth surge of energy without the jitters or crash that other pre-workouts often cause. My focus sharpens significantly, allowing me to push through tough sets and maintain peak performance throughout my session.”
“I gave up on pre-workout supplements for years because I didn’t like all the ingredients and the jitters that came along with them in other supplements. So glad I found Legion. This pre-workout gives a nice boost of energy without that jittery feeling. I’ve noticed a lot of my lifts go up since starting to use this product and the flavor is great.”
Krod, Amazon
However, some purchasers make note of the tingling sensation and undesirable taste, like verified Amazon customer Tenaya A., who warns, “I wanted to like this so bad but I can’t get past the itching. After my usual workout, I’m now sitting at work, my whole body is itching. My face has that itchy burn feeling. I just want to peel my skin off. Oh, don’t buy the green apple flavor, it’s disgusting.”
We’ve featured Legion Pulse in:
| Key ingredients | Caffeine, citrulline malate, beta-alanine, betaine, L-theanine, alpha-GPC, electrolytes |
| Flavors | Fruit punch, lemon lime, cotton candy, blue raspberry, peach ring, pink lemonade, blood orange, piña colada, rainbow sherbert, blueberry lemonade, strawberry kiwi, cherry limeade, sour candy, watermelon, grape, arctic blast, green apple, strawberry margarita, tropical punch, frosted cranberry, and mojito |
| Caffeine per serving | 350 milligrams |
| Serving size | 2 scoops (23.5 grams) |
| Servings per container | 20 |
| Price per serving | $2.25 |
| Third-party testing | ISO Labs |
Key product features
What you should know
Legion’s Pulse stim-free pre-workout contains four clinically-studied ingredients aimed at improving overall athletic performance, but omits caffeine, which is beneficial for individuals who are sensitive to caffeine, have certain medical conditions, or just prefer to go without it.
- Legion Pulse Stim-Free gives you effective doses of amino acids and nootropics to help improve strength, endurance, and recovery while avoiding the unwanted side-effects of caffeine.
- Legion’s price point is middle of the road at $2.25 per serving.
- This supplement is ideal for athletes looking to improve aerobic and anaerobic performance with a caffeine-free, yet effective pre-workout supplement.
Legion Pulse Stim-Free Pre-Workout overview
Legion’s Pulse Stim-Free pre-workout is a good alternative when seeking the benefits of a pre-workout without the stimulant effects of caffeine that most products contain. This is a solid option for people with a sensitivity to caffeine, those with certain medical conditions who should limit or avoid caffeine, and anyone who just prefers a gentler supplement.
Legion products are third-party tested for purity and potency by ISO Labs. Additionally, they are free of artificial ingredients, colors, and flavors, and you won’t find unnecessary fillers or binders. It comes in eight natural flavors and is sweetened with stevia and erythritol. While there are mixed reviews on the taste of this supplement, with several flavors to choose, we hope you’ll be able to find one that suits you. Blue raspberry is the company’s most popular flavor. The price point is middle of the road compared to other brands we researched and comes to $2.25 per serving. We think the simple, yet effective ingredient list and money-back guarantee make this product a great option for athletes searching for a non-stim pre-workout to improve their performance.
Legion Pulse Stim-Free pre-workout ingredients
Legion’s Pulse Stim-Free pre-workout contains four scientifically studied ingredients in clinically effective doses, along with a few key electrolytes. Unlike the original formulation, it does not contain caffeine or L-theanine.
Similar to their caffeinated version, this product also contains 8,000 mg of L-citrulline malate, 3,600 mg of beta-alanine, 2,500 mg of betaine, and 300 mg of alpha-GPC.
L-citrulline malate, beta-alanine, and betaine may enhance your athletic performance by boosting nitric oxide levels in your blood, increasing carnosine production, and maintaining fluid balance within your cells. These benefits may lead to improved aerobic performance, increased power output, reduced feelings of fatigue, and possibly even faster recovery. (1, 3, 5)
Alpha-GPC is added as a nootropic. It contains two molecules: choline and glycerophosphate. Choline is an essential nutrient for brain health and is found in foods such as meats, nuts, beans, and legumes. It’s needed to produce acetylcholine, which acts as a neurotransmitter for memory, mood, muscle control, and other nervous system functions. However, most Americans consume less than the adequate intake for choline, which is 3,500 mg for adults aged 19+. (7)
Lastly, this version also contains the electrolytes calcium, sodium, and potassium to help maintain fluid balance and help replete stores that may be lost through sweat.
What customers are saying
Amazon customers like the stim-free version of Legion’s Pulse pre-workout powder too, giving it an average rating of 4.2 out of 5 stars with over 1,000 reviews. The boost of energy and pump it provides for workouts, along with quality of ingredients, are top favorable qualities users mention.
“I have tried many pre-workout products and Pulse is by far the best I’ve used. The right amounts of the ingredients you need. Mixed well and tastes good!”
Username “Xyz,” Amazon
Owen J. says this workout “pushes me through without the jitters.”
Kevin G., along with some other Amazon customers, doesn’t care for the taste. He says, “This stuff tastes like I’m drinking some kind of nasty tasting chemical that someone shouldn’t be putting in their body. It may give a decent pump but it’s not a good thing when you have to choke it down and dread having to drink before a workout.”
We’ve featured Legion Pulse Stim-free in:
- The best pre-workouts for women, reviewed by an RD
- The best non-stim pre-workouts of 2024, reviewed by a certified holistic nutritionist
Specs
| Key ingredients | Citrulline malate, beta-alanine, betaine, alpha-GPC, electrolytes |
| Flavors | Fruit punch, arctic blast, blue raspberry, green apple, tropical punch, strawberry kiwi, sour candy, and grape |
| Caffeine per serving | No caffeine |
| Serving size | 2 scoops (21.9 grams) |
| Servings per container | 20 |
| Price per serving | $2.25 |
| Third-party testing | ISO Labs |
Compare Legion Pulse pre-workout
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| Legion Athletics Pulse | Legion Athletics Pulse Stim-Free | Transparent Labs Bulk | Nutricost Pre-X | Ora Organic Renewable Energy | Jacked Factory Nitrosurge | |
| Rating | ||||||
| Cost per serving | $2.25 | $2.25 | $1.67 | $0.93 | $2.15 | $0.93-$1.87 |
| Servings per container | 20 | 20 | 30 | 30 | 20 | 15-30 |
| Serving size | 2 scoops | 2 scoops | 1 scoop | 1 scoop | 1 scoop | 1-2 scoops |
| Flavors | 21 | 8 | 9 | 5 | 2 | 11 |
| Key ingredients | L-citrulline malate, beta-alanine, betaine anhydrous, caffeine, L-theanine, alpha-GPC, sodium potassium, and calcium | L-citrulline malate, beta-alanine, betaine anhydrous, alpha-GPC, sodium potassium, and calcium | L-citrulline malate, beta-alanine, betaine, taurine, L-tyrosine, alpha-GPC, caffeine, L-theanine, theobromine, SenActiv®, BioPerine®, boron citrate, zinc, B6, B12, sodium, and potassium | L-citrulline, beta-alanine, taurine, Nitrosigine®, betaine anhydrous, caffeine, N-acetyl L-tyrosine, alpha-GPC, DMAE bitartrate, CDP choline, theobromine, huperzine A, niacin, B6, and B12 | Coconut sugar, coconut water, green coffee bean, matcha green tea, yerba mate, pomegranate juice powder, beetroot juice powder, ashwagandha, Rhodiola root, Panax ginseng, maca root (all organic), sodium, potassium, and calcium | L-citrulline, beta-alanine, betaine anhydrous, caffeine, L-theanine, theobromine, and AstraGin® |
| Caffeine per serving | 350 mg | 0 mg | 200 mg | 300 mg | 90 mg | 180-360 mg |
How we test pre-workout supplements
Fortune Recommends aims to be your trusted source for supplement reviews. Each product is thoroughly researched to ensure it meets our high standards. This includes looking at quality of ingredients, dosing, scientific research to support claims, and third-party testing, along with things like taste, price, and customer reviews.
We evaluate products across nine primary categories: cost per serving, sweeteners, energy, hydration, endurance, muscle fatigue reduction, lean muscle support, focus, and certifications. Additionally, products can earn bonus credits to enhance their overall rating. These categories were developed in collaboration with registered dietitian and doctor of exercise physiology, Chris Mohr, Ph.D., RD.
For a more detailed look, check out our full pre-workout testing methodology.
Stimulant ingredients–35%
The key ingredient in most pre-workout formulas is a stimulant, typically a form of caffeine. In non-stimulant formulas, B vitamins and plant extracts are often used to support metabolism and improve endurance. We categorize energy sources into two types: stimulant and non-stimulant.
- Caffeine anhydrous
- PurCaf
- Di-caffeine malate
- Theobromine
Non-stimulant ingredients–10%
In the realm of stim-free pre-workout supplements, non-stimulant ingredients play a crucial role in enhancing performance. Our team evaluates these ingredients based on their research-backed efficacy and potential benefits. Here’s how some common non-stimulant ingredients are scored:
- Taurine
- Vitamins B12 and B6
- Niacin
Endurance–10%
In addition to boosting energy and hydration, pre-workout formulas often include ingredients designed to enhance mental and physical endurance during workouts.
Here’s how we score the most common endurance-boosting ingredients:
- Beta-alanine
- Ancient peat and apple extract
- Rhodiola rosea
- L-carnitine
- Eleuthero root
- Astragalus root extract
- Astragin
- Senactiv
Nitric oxide production–10%
This category is similar to endurance but specifically focuses on muscular fatigue. We focus on two key ingredients: citrulline malate, which receives the highest score, and beetroot, which earns a slightly lower score.
- Citrulline malate
- Beetroot
Lean muscle support–10%
We evaluate 10 key ingredients in pre-workout formulas to determine their effectiveness and contribution to building muscle. Here’s how each ingredient is scored:
- Creatine
- Betaine
- Leucine
- Taurine
- Valine
- Zinc
- Vitamin D
- Boron
- Calcium
Sweeteners–10%
Sweeteners may improve the taste profile of a pre-workout supplement, but they don’t add nutritional value beyond sometimes being a fast-burning energy source. We prefer to see minimal sweeteners in pre-workout formulas, and we prefer some over others. Here’s how we rate each sweetener:
- Sugar–3%
- Honey, agave–3%
- Maltodextrin–3%
- Dextrose–3%
- Sucralose, aspartame, acesulfame–10%
- Erythritol, xylitol–5%
- Stevia–10%
- Monk fruit–10%
Focus–5%
Focus-enhancing ingredients can significantly boost the intensity and intentionality of your workout. While many ingredients in pre-workout formulas require more research to confirm their effectiveness, those backed by solid evidence earn higher scores in this category. Conversely, ingredients with limited or no supporting evidence receive lower scores.
- L-theanine
- Alpha-GPC
- Tyrosine
- Huperzine A
- Choline bitartrate
Hydration–5%
Hydration is crucial for muscle performance and recovery, which is why many pre-workout formulas include electrolytes. When evaluating these supplements, we prioritize formulas containing the following key electrolytes or their sources:
- Sodium
- Potassium
- Coconut water powder
Cost per serving–5%
Price is a crucial factor for consumers and can often (though not always) reflect the quality of a product. There are high-quality pre-workout supplements that cost below average and low-quality ones that are more expensive. Due to this potential discrepancy, this category carries less weight in the overall score.
Certifications
Nearly all reputable supplement companies conduct in-house testing for safety and label accuracy. However, many brands also opt for additional certifications to further ensure quality and safety. We award bonus credits to brands that undertake this additional step. Recognizing that smaller, newer supplement companies may not afford high-profile, third-party testing labs, we weigh certifications lower than other categories in our algorithm.
The certifications we look for include:
- Third-party testing
- Informed Choice (ICFS)
- NSF
- U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP)
- USDA Certified Organic
Bonus points
Since the supplement industry—especially pre-workout supplements—is constantly evolving, we pay attention to products and brands going above and beyond to stand out. That’s why we incorporate bonus credits into our pre-workout supplement scores to recognize innovation and encourage healthy competition among all brands. All bonus points are equally weighted and cumulatively provide a slight boost to the product’s overall score.
Pre-workout formulas are awarded bonus credits for:
- No proprietary blends
- Sustainable packaging
- Added antioxidants
- Organic ingredients
- Non-GMO ingredients
FAQs
What are the benefits of Legion Pulse?
Legion Pulse is a top-tier, all-natural pre-workout supplement that may lead to improved energy and focus during even the toughest of workouts. It combines clinically-effective doses of amino acids and nootropics that can lead to improved endurance, lean muscle mass, reduced feelings of fatigue, and enhanced post-workout recovery.
Is Legion Pulse FDA approved?
No, Legion Pulse, like other nutritional supplements, is not regulated by the FDA and is not FDA approved. That’s why it’s important to read product labels carefully and always consult with your healthcare provider prior to starting any nutritional supplement. (11)
What are the side effects of Legion Pulse pre-workout?
Legion Pulse notes that some users experience a tingling or itching sensation, typically to the hands and face, known as paresthesia, from the use of beta-alanine. Additionally, the caffeinated version may cause some users to experience restlessness, stomach upset, or a racing heart since caffeine acts as a stimulant. (4)
These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any diseases.
Our experts
Victoria Burgess, Ph.D., CSCS, CISSN
Victoria Burgess earned her Ph.D. in Health and Human Performance from Concordia University Chicago and holds her NSCA CSCS and Certified Sports Nutritionist (CISSN). She is an adjunct professor in the Human Performance and Nutrition department at Concordia University Chicago & Parker University, where she teaches undergraduate, graduate, and doctoral-level courses.
Pete Nastasi, CPT, CSNC
Pete Nastasi is a NASM-certified sports nutrition coach, personal trainer, and the owner of N2 Nutrition and Performance. Pete helps individual clients achieve their sports performance and weight-loss goals through a personalized approach centered around diet optimization, easy-to-follow workout routines, and healthy lifestyle habits.
Jessica Coulon
Jessica is a contributing editor and writer who specializes in fitness, health, nutrition, and science content. Previously, she was an editor for Popular Mechanics and Bicycling, where she covered pro cycling news, wrote how-to guides, and tested all the latest and greatest bike gear. She was also a regular shoe tester and contributor for Runner’s World. You can often find her skiing or riding her mountain bike, and racing with the F1RE female enduro team.
Lily Moe
Lily is a Brooklyn-based writer and editor with over seven years of experience in health media. As a former Fitness Coach, Lily’s editorial prowess has largely focused on fitness, nutrition, and weight management. She has also spent a fair share of time in testing labs, analyzing everything from protein powders to yoga mats. Her work has appeared in Verywell Fit, Verywell Mind, Health, and more.
Kelly Uhler
Kelly has a multifaceted background in elder care, health care, and copywriting. She has worked for organizations such as A Place For Mom and Homecare.com, which gave her the opportunity to work closely with families, providing reliable information to help them make informed decisions about their loved one’s health, safety, and quality of life.
Katie Drakeford, MA, RD, CSP, LD, CLC
Fortune Recommends Nutrition Writer
About Author
Katie Drakeford, MA, RD, CSP, LD, CLC, is a board-certified pediatric dietitian and certified lactation counselor. Katie has been a registered dietitian for more than 12 years, providing nutrition therapy to all ages across the lifespan, but found her passion in pediatrics. She has specialized in pediatric nutrition for the past 7 years.
Additionally, Katie earned her certified lactation counselor (CLC) certification. She enjoys working with parents, helping them meet their breastfeeding goals and ultimately leading to improved infant nutrition.
References
- Gough, L. A., Sparks, S. A., McNaughton, L. R., Higgins, M. F., Newbury, J. W., Trexler, E., Faghy, M. A., & Bridge, C. A. (2021). A critical review of citrulline malate supplementation and exercise performance. European journal of applied physiology, 121(12), 3283–3295. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-021-04774-6
- Rhim, H. C., Kim, S. J., Park, J., & Jang, K. M. (2020). Effect of citrulline on post-exercise rating of perceived exertion, muscle soreness, and blood lactate levels: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of sport and health science, 9(6), 553–561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2020.02.003
- Rezende, N. S., Swinton, P., de Oliveira, L. F., da Silva, R. P., da Eira Silva, V., Nemezio, K., Yamaguchi, G., Artioli, G. G., Gualano, B., Saunders, B., & Dolan, E. (2020). The Muscle Carnosine Response to Beta-Alanine Supplementation: A Systematic Review With Bayesian Individual and Aggregate Data E-Max Model and Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in physiology, 11, 913. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.00913
- National Institutes of Health. (2024, April). Dietary Supplements for Exercise and Athletic Performance. Office of Dietary Supplements. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/ExerciseAndAthleticPerformance-HealthProfessional/
- Arazi, H., Aboutalebi, S., Taati, B., Cholewa, J. M., & Candow, D. G. (2022). Effects of short-term betaine supplementation on muscle endurance and indices of endocrine function following acute high-intensity resistance exercise in young athletes. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 19(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/15502783.2022.2041988
- Malík, M., & Tlustoš, P. (2022). Nootropics as Cognitive Enhancers: Types, Dosage and Side Effects of Smart Drugs. Nutrients, 14(16), 3367. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14163367
- National Institutes of Health. (2022, June). Choline. Office of Dietary Supplements. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Choline-HealthProfessional/
- Mielgo-Ayuso, J., Marques-Jiménez, D., Refoyo, I., Del Coso, J., León-Guereño, P., & Calleja-González, J. (2019). Effect of Caffeine Supplementation on Sports Performance Based on Differences Between Sexes: A Systematic Review. Nutrients, 11(10), 2313. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11102313
- Yilmaz, U., Buzdagli, Y., Polat, M. L., Bakir, Y., Ozhanci, B., Alkazan, S., & Ucar, H. (2023). Effect of single or combined caffeine and L-Theanine supplementation on shooting and cognitive performance in elite curling athletes: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition , 20 (1), 2267536. https://doi.org/10.1080/15502783.2023.2267536
- Choi, D.-H.; Cho, J.-Y.; Koo, J.-H.; Kim, T.-K. (2021). Effects of Electrolyte Supplements on Body Water Homeostasis and Exercise Performance during Exhaustive Exercise. Appl. Sci. 11(19), 9093. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11199093
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2022, October). Information for Consumers on Using Dietary Supplements.https://www.fda.gov/food/dietary-supplements/information-consumers-using-dietary-supplements