Fortune Recommends™ is editorially independent. We may earn affiliate revenue from links in this content. Learn more.
Fortune Recommends™ is editorially independent. We earn a commission for purchases made from affiliate partners via some links on our site; other links are not affiliate partner links. Click here to read the full Fortune Recommends advertiser disclosure and how we earn commissions. Click here to read about our editorial policies and our methodologies.
Our team of fitness and nutrition experts has tested over 65 different pre-workouts, rating them in categories such as effectiveness, ingredients and dosage, side effects, taste, value, and more.
We consulted with Dr. Rob Wildman, a registered dietitian and certified sports nutritionist. Our team of product testers includes certified personal trainers, competitive weightlifters, certified weightlifting coaches, and other fitness and nutrition experts. This article was also reviewed by a fact checker.
Pre-workouts are designed to help people elevate their workout performance. However, what happens if your go-to pre-workout doesn’t give you the boost it once did? Or maybe you’re just at a point where you want more of something, like more energy, pump, strength, or endurance. If this sounds like you, you might want to try a more potent pre-workout.
Our team of certified personal trainers, nutrition experts, and more have curated the strongest pre-workouts on the market. After testing dozens of the best pre-workouts, we reviewed various factors, like evidence-based ingredients, solubility, cost, safety, and more, to narrow our selection to just nine recommendations, each containing 200mg of caffeine or more. We’re here to help you identify the strongest pre-workout to meet your fitness goals.
Medical disclaimer: This article is intended for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for medical advice. For health advice, contact a licensed healthcare provider.
Transparent Labs BULK BLACK includes clinically-dosed ingredients and nootropics for enhancing strength, endurance, and focus. This vegan-friendly pre-workout is free of artificial flavors, colors, and sweeteners.
Our product tester noticed strength gains and enhanced energy without the post-workout crash while trying BULK BLACK.
At $1.83 per serving, BULK BLACK is priced slightly above average for stronger pre-workouts.
BULK BLACK is ideal for health-conscious individuals who want evidence-based pre-workout ingredients that may improve performance and cognitive function.
Why we like Transparent Labs BULK BLACK as strongest overall
Transparent Labs BULK BLACK formula was scientifically crafted to help enhance strength and improve mental focus. As the strongest pre-workout in the Transparent Labs BULK series, it boasts higher dosages of certain ingredients while remaining free of artificial flavors, fillers, and more.
Unlike some pre-workout supplement brands, Transparent Labs provides formula transparency so you know what you’re getting with each scoop. According to the nutrition label, each serving contains 275-325 milligrams of natural caffeine. This is an amount where gym-goers may be able to delay fatigue further and boost exercise performance. (1)
Another form of caffeine, Infinergy™ is also on the ingredient list and provides 75 milligrams in one serving. This trademarked combination of caffeine and malic acid may help extend the stimulatory effects of caffeine without causing jitters or a post-workout energy crash. BULK BLACK is the only pre-workout on this list containing Infinergy™ and contributes to it being considered the strongest overall.
One of our expert product testers attested that he enjoyed the long-lasting, non-crashing effects this pre-workout powder provided.
The BULK BLACK pre-workout formula also contains clinically-dosed active ingredients, like 2.5 grams of BetaPure betaine anhydrous and 4 grams of beta-alanine. Research suggests that 2.5 grams of betaine anhydrous may improve muscular endurance, thus allowing more reps, which is handy when weightlifting. (2)
Four to six grams of beta-alanine may reduce lactic acid by elevating the protein building block, carnosine. (3, 4) This action delays muscle fatigue and may delay the time to fatigue.
8,000 milligrams of the nitric oxide supporter citrulline malate are also included in each serving. Studies suggest it may improve workout performance by helping to optimize blood flow and nutrient delivery to muscles. (5) Some pre-workout formulas use L-arginine, but overtime researchers determined that it is less effective than citrulline malate at increasing nitric oxide. (6)
Another one of our product testers mentioned how much more focused he was after consumption. Ingredients like L-tyrosine, Alpha-GPC, and L-theanine are said to improve memory, boost motivation, and increase attention. (7, 8, 9)
In addition to BULK BLACK’s science-backed ingredients, we also like that it tastes good and mixes well. There are seven flavors, with options like sour gummy and blue raspberry. One of our product testers liked strawberry kiwi but didn’t like peach mango. They noted that it’s probably because it’s not super sweet like the pre-workout formulas with artificial ingredients.
One container of BULK BLACK includes 30 servings, and each serving costs about $1.83. Compared to other strong pre-workout options, this one is slightly above average. Its high-quality formula, which has been third-party tested for unsafe and banned substances, justifies the price.
On Amazon, a customer named Mark Y, commented that the higher price of BULK BLACK was justified by its transparent label and third-party testing. He also remarked that it helps him get amped up before a workout.
Another Amazon customer, A. Walker, mentioned that it has a somewhat sour taste but provides him with a good energy boost for morning workouts.
Legion Pulse is a 100% all-natural pre-workout formula aimed at enhancing mental focus, increasing blood flow, and providing an energy boost. It comes in 20 caffeinated and non-caffeinated flavors. The formula is made in the USA, has been third-party tested for purity, and doesn’t include artificial food dyes.
The Pulse formula contains evidence-based levels of key ingredients, like L-theanine, citrulline malate, beta-alanine, and caffeine.
The amino acid L-theanine is a nitric oxide booster that may improve muscle blood flow, much like citrulline malate. However, it may also alleviate mental stress and increase attention, even in 200-milligram doses (10, 11). The 350-milligram caffeinated version of this formula contains 350 milligrams of L-theanine per serving, which are hefty doses. When combined with caffeine, it may further improve mood and memory, which could be beneficial while working out. (12)
Legion Pulse contains 3.6 grams of beta-alanine and 300 milligrams of alpha-GPC. Gym-goers may notice improved muscle endurance, increased lean mass, and enhanced growth hormone secretion from these ingredients. (3, 13, 14)
If you’re not used to high-stim pre-workouts, the 350 milligrams of caffeine anhydrous in this formula could be overpowering. Therefore, it may be best to try a single scoop instead of consuming two scoops. Our product tester, a Level 2 Weightlifting Coach, didn’t feel overstimulated by it, though, likely due to the calming effects of L-theanine. He remarked that it was his favorite pre-workout for energy.
Flavor-wise, two of our product testers said it tasted bitter, but one said the effects still made the pre-workout worth it. The formula also mixed well without requiring much shaking.
Legion Pulse only provides 20 servings per tub at $44.99, so depending on your workout frequency, you may need two monthly. At $2.25 per serving, it’s definitely on the more expensive end, but it’s considered a high-quality pre-workout.
Legion Pulse is a frequently purchased pre-workout on Amazon with over 16,000 ratings. Customers say it’s an absolute game-changer, delivering in taste and performance.
Another customer, Jacob Wooten, said, “The Blueberry Raspberry tastes awful,” but he went on to say, “I feel a good enough boost in my workouts without it being too intense like some others.”
Nutricost Pre-X Xtreme includes caffeine, beta-alanine, and taurine to support high-intensity exercise performance.
Even though some ingredients in this pre-workout are not fully dosed, the combination can still create a synergistic effect to enhance physical and mental performance.
Pre-X Xtreme is available in a 30 or 60-serving container. Both are affordable options, priced well below average at $1.10 and $0.92 per serving.
With 300 milligrams of caffeine in addition to other stimulants, this is a high-stim pre-workout that delivers a strong energy boost and enhanced mental focus.
Caffeine (300 milligrams) and taurine (2 grams) are effectively dosed
Third-party tested and manufactured in a GMP-compliant facility
Vegetarian
Cost-effective at just $0.92 to $1.10 per serving
Save 20% with a subscription
Cons
L-citrulline (4 grams) and beta-alanine (1.5 grams) are underdosed
Contains artificial flavors and sweeteners
Why we like Nutricost Pre-X Xtreme as strongest high stim
Nutricost Pre-X Xtreme takes the cake as the strongest high-stim pre-workout primarily due to its caffeine content (300 milligrams). This high dose of caffeine is known to significantly boost energy levels, enhance alertness, and improve focus, making it an ideal choice for those seeking an intense pre-workout experience. (1)
While Pre-X Xtreme contains several key ingredients commonly found in pre-workouts, many are clinically underdosed. L-citrulline is provided at 4 grams, falling short of the recommended 6-8 grams needed to enhance nitric oxide production and improve blood flow. (15) Beta-alanine is included at 2 grams, well below the 4-6 grams necessary for effective muscle carnosine loading to buffer lactic acid and delay fatigue. (4) And, the 1.5 grams of betaine anhydrous in the formula does not meet the optimal 2.5 grams required for improved strength and power output. (2)
Additionally, L-tyrosine is dosed at 250 milligrams. Though clinical studies in humans are limited, the suggested dosage for enhancing cognitive function and stress resistance is 100–150 milligrams per kilogram of body weight. That means a person weighing 200 pounds (90.9 kilograms) would need to take 9-13 grams of L-tyrosine for optimal results. Alpha-GPC (200 milligrams) also falls short of the 300-600 milligrams needed for improved cognitive performance and increased power output. (7, 16)
Nutricost’s pre-workout complex also includes 2 grams of taurine, which falls within the 1-6 grams per day range used in clinical studies. Taurine may improve time to exhaustion, strength, power, and muscle recovery, though more research is needed. (17)
Despite the clinically underdosed key ingredients, the combination of caffeine with moderate amounts of these other performance-enhancing compounds can still provide a synergistic effect to improve energy and mental focus during a workout.
Nutricost makes its supplements in a GMP-compliant facility and participates in third-party testing. This ensures the highest standards of quality, purity, and safety. Pre-X Xtreme is vegetarian-friendly, non-GMO, and gluten-free. However, it does contain artificial flavors and sucralose, which may be a concern for customers who prefer natural ingredients and are looking to avoid artificial sweeteners.
The 30-serving container is priced just under $1.10 per serving, while the 60-serving container costs $0.92 per serving. Both options are well below the average price for a high-stim pre-workout. If you’re looking to save even more, a subscription will bring your price down 20%.
Amazon customers appreciate the value and high-quality ingredients of Nutricost’s Pre-X Xtreme. However, opinions are mixed on the taste and effectiveness of this supplement.
Joey C. remarks, “not the best tasting but has good ingredients for the price.”
Nate, another Amazon customer, writes, “I prefer my pre-workout with more chemicals and beta-alanine. Also, the scoop for the pre-workout was a little bigger than I would have liked. I like smaller, more potent doses.”
Specs
Key ingredients
L-citrulline, beta alanine, taurine, caffeine anhydrous, theobromine, huperzine a, niacin, vitamin b6, and vitamin b12
Serving size
1 scoop (15 grams)
Number of servings
30-60
Price per serving
$0.92-$1.10
Flavors
Blue raspberry, watermelon, fruit punch, grape, peach mango
C4 Ultimate Pre Workout Powder is designed to rev up your workout with high doses of caffeine for energy and their patented formula VELOX® with L-citrulline and L-arginine for pumping power.
This is a newly formulated pre workout with proprietary formulas aimed at providing the ultimate stimulating experience.
At $2.50 a serving, C4 Ultimate Pre Workout Powder is priced higher than the average compared to competitors.
If you’re doubling up on your current pre-workout to get through your strength-training sessions, then it might be time to level up with C4 Ultimate Pre Workout.
Contains nitric oxide enhancers L-citrulline and L-arginine
CarnoSyn® Beta Alanine is clinically studied to support endurance
Cons
Contains artificial sweeteners sucralose and acesulfame potassium
Not third-party tested
Use of proprietary ingredients
Why we like C4 Ultimate Pre Workout Powder as strongest for pump
C4 Ultimate Pre Workout Powder is all about maximizing power at the gym. The stimulating supplement gets the blood pumping with VELOX®—a patented blend of L-citrulline and L-arginine—and supports muscle endurance with CarnoSyn® Beta-Alanine and BetaPower® betaine anhydrous.
The patented performance blend, VELOX, provides 3 grams of L-citrulline and 3 grams of L-arginine. Many pre workout formulas contain L-citrulline and L-arginine, but the evidence to support the claims that combining the two nitric oxide enhancers improves blood flow and endurance is based limited evidence. (5, 34) While L-citrulline at doses of 2.4 to 6 grams seems effective, the benefits of combining are less apparent. (35)
The pre workout formula uses a patented time-released form of beta alanine called CarnoSyn®. Research suggests you need higher doses of non-time released beta-alanine—6 grams daily—to maximize benefits. (4) CarnoSyn has lower amounts of beta-alanine with 3.2 grams per serving, but may effectively support exercise capacity as a time-released formula. (4, 36).
C4 Ultimate Pre Workout falls a bit short on dosing of betaine anhydrdous with 1.25 grams from the patented BetaPower® formula. It does, however, pack in a heavy dose of caffeine with 300 milligrams per serving for energy.
Cellucor’s pre workout formula also has TeaCrine® as theacrine and Dynamine™ as methyllberine, both purported energy boosters. A recent study found theacrine ineffective as a pre workout energy booster, while another study found methylberine helped sustain energy and improve concentration and stress tolerance, so potential benefits are mixed. (37, 38)
C4 Ultimate Pre Workout is the only pre workout with PeptiPump®, a proprietary peptide formula that purportedly increases muscle oxygenantion and blood flow. (39) However, these claims are based on results from animal studies and may not work exactly the same in humans. (40)
The supplement’s formula also includes nootropics: L-tyrosine, caffeine, and huperzine A. (1, 7, 41) Huperzine A is used in traditional Chinese medicine to improve circulation and is a popular ingredient in pre workout formulas. However, research fails to show that the ingredient enhances cognitive function during workouts. (41)
Cellucor’s pre workout has a lot to offer, but it falls short on dosing and contains ingredients that require more research. Further, it’s difficult to assess safety of C4 Ultimate Pre Workout since it uses proprietary blends and has no third-party testing.
The pre workout formula is sugar-free, but uses the artificial sweeteners sucralose and acesulfame potassium and has artificial flavors. The pumped up pre workout is also more expensive than the average market price at $2.50 per serving. But, Cellucor offers 30% off the retail price with a subscription.
Amazon customers love the energy and pumping power they get from C4 Ultimate Pre Workout, but not everyone enjoys the supplement’s taste. A few reviewers also note a tingling sensation after taking the pre workout.
Verified Amazon customer Paul J.D. writes, “Don’t really like the flavor but still works great.”
Gainful Pre-Workout High Intensity + Creatine includes clinically effective doses of creatine (5 grams) and leucine (2.5 grams), along with 200 milligrams of natural caffeine for enhanced performance and focus.
Gainful pre-workouts are customizable, with two caffeine levels or a non-caffeinated version.
At $1.86 per serving, Gainful High Intensity + Creatine costs slightly more than other high-stim pre-workouts on the market.
We think the price is worth it, since the addition of BCAAs and creatine replaces the need for a large supplement stack.
Caffeine content (200 milligrams) is lower than other high-stim pre-workouts
No third-party testing
Why we like Gainful Pre-Workout Caffeinated High Intensity + Creatine as strongest with creatine
Gainful Pre-Workout High Intensity + Creatine features a comprehensive blend of ingredients aimed at enhancing both physical performance and mental focus. The inclusion of 5 grams of creatine meets the clinically recommended daily dose, known for improving strength, power, and muscle mass. (20)
The 330 milligrams of L-theanine, an amino acid found in tea, is a substantial dose known to promote relaxation without drowsiness and can help smooth out the stimulatory effects of caffeine, leading to a less jittery energy boost. The natural caffeine is moderately dosed (200 milligrams) and helps enhance alertness, focus, and overall exercise performance. (12, 1)
L-citrulline DL-malate, at 4 grams, is slightly below the optimal 6-8 grams per day recommended for maximizing nitric oxide production. Citrulline enhances blood flow and nutrient delivery, which may reduce fatigue and improve endurance. (15)
The 1.5 grams of beta-alanine is also on the lower side compared to the clinically effective range of 4-6 grams. Beta-alanine helps increase carnosine levels in muscles, which buffers acid buildup and may delay fatigue. (4)
The supplement also contains 2.5 grams of leucine, an essential branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) crucial for muscle protein synthesis and recovery. This dose is within the effective range, as studies suggest around 2-3 grams of leucine per serving can significantly stimulate muscle protein synthesis. Gainful also includes 500 milligrams each of isoleucine and valine, the other two BCAAs. (21)
A 14-serving container of Gainful’s pre-workout costs $26, putting each serving at $1.86. While this is above average for a pre-workout, Gainful contains BCAAs and creatine, so you’re getting three supplements in one.
To learn more, check out our complete guide on the best creatine.
Onnit Alpha BRAIN features common pre-workout ingredients such as caffeine, beta-alanine, and L-citrulline, along with ashwagandha, which may help support concentration and manage stress.
Our product testers gave the taste 4 out of 5 stars and solubility full marks. They preferred the Tiger’s Blood flavor.
Onnit Alpha Brain is one of the most expensive pre-workouts, at just under $3 per serving.
This focus-enhancing pre-workout contains 225 milligrams of ashwagandha, an adaptogenic herb that supports cognitive function.
Priced much higher than average at $3.00 per serving
Only available in two flavors
2.4 grams of beta-alanine and L-citrulline are underdosed
Why we like Onnit Alpha Brain Pre Workout as strongest for focus
Onnit Alpha Brain includes several key ingredients designed to enhance workout performance and mental clarity. Ashwagandha, for instance, is included at 225 milligrams. The herb is known for its ability to reduce stress and improve mood, potentially impacting focus and a positive mindset during workouts. That said, the dose is on the lower end of the 120-5,000 milligram range most studies recommend. (18)
The formula also contains 200 milligrams of caffeine, which is a moderate dose compared to other high-stim pre-workouts which contain 250-400 milligrams. Beta-alanine, at 2.4 grams per serving, is also a bit below the clinically recommended range of 4-6 grams. Similarly, the 2.4 grams of L-citrulline is less than the ideal clinical range of 6-8 grams.
Additionally, Onnit includes 125 milligrams of Alpha-GPC. The dose of Alpha-GPC is slightly below the 300-600 milligrams often studied for cognitive benefits and enhanced power output, but it still contributes to improved mental focus and cognitive function. (16) Theobromine, found in cacao, is included at 100 milligrams, which is a supportive dose for improving mood and providing a mild, sustained energy boost. (19)
Together, these ingredients work synergistically to offer a comprehensive boost in both physical and mental performance, making Onnit Alpha Brain a solid choice, despite some dosages being on the lower end of the clinical spectrum.
At just under $3 per serving, Onnit Alpha Brain is more expensive than comparable high-stim pre-workouts. At this price, we’d prefer to see third-party testing done.
To read more and see additional products, check out our full Alpha Brain review.
What customers are saying
Amazon reviews for Onnit’s Alpha Brain Pre Workout are limited and mixed. Some customers noticed enhanced energy and focus during their workouts, while others were not happy with the taste, price, and performance of this supplement.
An Amazon customer with the username “Coffeemom78” wrote, “I do not feel more energetic or focused, just sick to my stomach.”
For those looking for a clean pre-workout option that includes vitamins, Naked Energy has non-GMO ingredients aimed to pump up energy without the crash.
Why we like Naked Energy Pre-Workout as strongest plus vitamins
Naked Energy gives you more than your typical pre-workout ingredients. It also provides vitamins that support the immune system, maintain bone health, and more. This vegan-friendly formula is available in flavored, unflavored, and stim-free options while also remaining free of harmful elements.
The Naked Energy pre-workout powder is convenient for those who don’t want to consume multiple supplements. Here, you’ll get more than the daily recommended dose of nutrients like vitamins C, B3, and B12. Vitamin B6 and folate are also included in adequate amounts. While there’s only a tiny amount of calcium, too much can lead to health problems.
Besides its role in immune functioning, vitamin C is also involved in aspects of protein and amino acid metabolism like making carnitine and certain neurotransmitters from amino acids. Research suggests that vitamin C helps to manage muscle damage, which happens during serious exercise. However, too much vitamin C, via supplementation, can become more problematic by being too good at its job. That’s because some muscle damage helps promote natural adaptive processes tied to exercise. (22)
The B vitamins help with cell growth, neurological function, and nutrient metabolism, just to name a few. (23) There’s also evidence that vitamin B complex supplementation may enhance exercise endurance performance, minimize fatigue, and quicken recovery. (24)
While the nutrients provided in Naked Energy don’t compare to those in the best multivitamins, they fulfill some of the basics.
The remaining four ingredients are those typically found in pre-workout formulas, but most are in very low doses. This formula only contains 2 grams of beta-alanine, 2 grams less than a clinically effective dose. (4)
There’s only 1 gram each of both creatine and L-arginine. Both ingredients are below the recommended dosage, so it’s unlikely that you’ll notice increases in muscle mass or blood flow. (20, 25)
The formula includes 200 milligrams of caffeine, which is considered an evidence-backed dose. However, it may be underwhelming to experienced bodybuilders who consume double what’s provided here. Our product tester, a certified personal trainer, said it gave her an energy boost similar to what you’d experience from drinking a big cup of coffee.
Overall, no matter what version of Naked Energy you get, it’s still made with non-GMO ingredients and is affordable. One $45 container provides 30 servings, which comes out to $1.50 per serving. This is an average price for a strong pre-workout with vitamins.
What customers are saying
Most consumers purchasing Naked Energy appreciate the product’s good quality, clean ingredients, and the sustainable energy it provides.
However, Amazon customer ZC also said to ignore the taste, as it isn’t that great.
Another Amazon customer, Mariah Bess, noted, “The product overall is functional. It is a good pre-workout with a nice consistent energy level boost, no crash, and it feels great.” She didn’t care for the Fruit Punch flavor, though.
Gorilla Mind Gorilla Mode contains evidence-based active ingredients, stimulants, and high-dose nootropics that may boost strength and power.
Our product tester got a pump soon after consumption and still had it two hours later.
One scoop per serving is $1.50, making it an affordable, strong pre-workout. However, two scoops per serving are $3.00, which is above average.
With two nutrition labels, Gorilla Mode offers choices for beginners and advanced trainees wanting increased power and focus while remaining well-hydrated.
Evidence-based ingredients that may boost muscle mass (e.g., L-citrulline, creatine)
Cons
Could be expensive
Unremarkable taste
May cause undesirable side effects
Why we like Gorilla Mind Gorilla Mode as strongest for strength and power
The Gorilla Mind Gorilla Mode formula is crafted with ingredients that may help enhance muscle strength and overall performance. With over four cups of coffee’s worth of caffeine and clinically dosed levels of common pre-workout ingredients, it’s made to get you focused and pumped.
A glance at Gorilla Mode’s tub will show you that there are two nutrition labels. If you’re a beginner or have a lower tolerance for high-stim pre-workouts, stick to one-scoop servings, as displayed on the left. However, if you’re an athlete or simply have a higher tolerance to caffeine, the label on the right side will provide the most impact for strength and power.
There are 40 servings per container, but the cost per serving depends on your current fitness level and preference. Those consuming just one scoop will pay approximately $1.50 per serving. However, those with a higher tolerance for high-stim pre-workouts may prefer two scoops, bringing the cost per serving to $3.00. The latter is more expensive but may be worth it to some as it’s third-party tested and packs potent ingredients.
For instance, the formula’s 10 grams of pure L-citrulline may support muscle building operations and researchers are keen to understand this potential better. (26) Three grams per day is the minimum effective dose, and 10 grams may be maximum. (27)
This formula also provides 5 grams of creatine, which studies suggest is a clinically effective dose for boosting muscle creatine levels and, supporting gains in strength and muscle mass in response to training. (20) Although 2 grams of betaine anhydrous is a little below evidence-based dose, some people who exercise may still respond well over time. (2)
Our product tester, a Level 2 Weightlifting Coach, says he still felt the pump two hours after consumption. He also remarked that he didn’t experience the caffeine-induced energy crash often associated with strong pre-workouts.
Besides ingredients that promote physical strength, Gorilla Mode’s formula also contains cognitive-enhancing ones. There are 6 grams of nootropics that may help with mood, attention, and focus. (28) The inclusion of L-tyrosine, an amino acid, and alpha-GPC, a cholinergic compound, may also help with stress and memory. (7, 16) Even further, each serving contains some B vitamins. They, too, may affect general mood and brain health.
Research shows that mental focus could impact muscle growth and endurance, demonstrating that one’s cognitive state may affect one’s fitness goals. (29)
Regarding taste, our product tester didn’t hate it but wasn’t sold on it either. He tried the bombsicle flavor and said it just had a sweet taste. Besides that, it’s still one of his favorites from the 45+ pre-workouts he’s consumed.
What customers are saying
Gorilla Mode is a sought-after pre-workout on Amazon for those wanting better focus and power.
Another customer shared their sentiments but wasn’t a fan of some of the flavors. Izzy M. mentioned, “It does the job, and I’m honestly feeling good after one scoop instead of 2. Volcano Burst was SO good, so good. Watermelon was so chemically and had this almost bitter flavor to it.”
Nine flavors, including Jolly Rancher-flavored options
Evidence-based dose of beta-alanine (3.2 grams)
Nitric-oxide enhancers
250 mg of caffeine for energy and performance
Cons
Includes artificial ingredients and food coloring
Sweetened with sucralose
Underdosed creatine
Why we like Beyond Raw LIT as strongest on a budget
Beyond Raw LIT is made with natural and artificial ingredients combined to help you train with energy, clarity, and pumps. The formula comes in 9 flavors, like Jolly Rancher Cherry and Lemonade, and is affordably priced at just $1.33 per serving.
Despite its reasonable price, the Beyond Raw LIT formula contains a few clinically dosed ingredients. For example, one scoop is packed with 4.5 grams of two nitric oxide enhancers: 1.5 grams of nitrosigine and 3 grams of L-citrulline. Nitrosigine is a trademarked complex of bonded arginine silicate, which has been shown to enhance muscle blood flow and exercise performance when combined with citrulline malate. (30)
ElevATP, a proprietary combination of ancient peat and apple polyphenols, also supports blood flow and optimized ATP levels. In addition, ATP plays a role in muscle contractions and could lead to muscle growth. (31) Creatine aids muscle hypertrophy as well. Although it’s under-dosed in this formula, as it’s just 1.5 grams, the other blood flow-inducing ingredients may balance it out. (20)
Also included in evidence-based dosages are 3.2 grams of CarnoSyn beta-alanine and 250 milligrams of caffeine. The amino acid beta-alanine boosts muscle carnosine levels and may put off muscle fatigue so you can get more reps in. (4) The adequate dosage of caffeine anhydrous may then help you stay focused and perked up for more effective training.
Additionally, NeuroFactor, a patented extract of whole coffee cherries, is a part of the Beyond Raw LIT formula. Research shows that whole coffee cherries elevate the production of the neuroprotein, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (aka BDNF). BDNF is critical for memory and learning. Therefore, an increase in BDNF levels may lead to cognitive improvement. (32, 33)
When our product tester tried Beyond Raw LIT, he noted that he felt “in the zone” after taking it. He further commented that it didn’t make him feel anxious or crank up his heart rate, as some pre-workouts do before doing interval training sessions. He also recalled enjoying the flavors, particularly Jolly Rancher Blue Raspberry, and how the powder mixed seamlessly.
What customers are saying
Comments on the r/Preworkoutsupplements subreddit showcase varied opinions about the Beyond Raw LIT product. For instance, one Reddit user, Nearly_Tarzan, said, “Great taste, but it’s way underdosed for what you pay.”
We consider multiple factors when we assess and score the strongest pre-workouts. They should be superior in several areas and include safe ingredients that aid individuals in meeting their fitness goals. Each product has been ranked according to the factors below. Review our full supplements testing methodology here to learn more about our process.
Efficacy—40%
Consumers purchase stronger pre-workouts because they hope to maximize their workout performance. Therefore, we assess whether each product’s key ingredients are provided in efficacious doses that help consumers do what’s advertised. Products with transparent labels provide exact dosage information, but proprietary blends don’t reveal the amount of each ingredient you’re consuming.
Here’s what we look for:
Clinical evidence
Calories per serving
Dose efficacy
Synergistic effects
Lack of proprietary blends
Safety and side effects—35%
We not only review the potential health risks and adverse effects associated with pre-workout ingredients but also screen for banned substances, the use of artificial ingredients, and more. Safety should be a top priority when purchasing strong pre-workouts, so we’ve evaluated the following:
Reported side effects
Third-party testing
Manufacturer accreditation
Lack of artificial sweeteners
Value—20%
When you purchase a strong pre-workout, you should feel like the value matched or exceeded the price you paid. Therefore, our product testers assessed if consumers were likely to get a meaningful return on investment based on its health benefits, quality, efficacy, and overall satisfaction. Our factors in this rating include:
Price per serving
Customer experience—5%
We recognize that the actual product itself isn’t the only factor that matters when purchasing a pre-workout. The overall shopping experience matters, too, as it spans from initial discovery to the support you receive after you buy. Our factors in this rating include:
Ease of purchase
Shipping and returns
Customer support
How to choose the strongest pre-workout for you
When looking for the strongest pre-workout for you, it helps to understand your desired goals and preferences. Don’t select a pre-workout based solely on your peers’ recommendations, as their wants and needs may differ from yours. Instead, look for the following:
Caffeine amount
Most pre-workout formulas include 150 to 300 milligrams per serving, but the strongest ones typically fall somewhere between 180 and 400 milligrams. The FDA suggests that healthy adults stick to 400 milligrams or less per day to avoid negative effects.
Keep in mind that everyone’s tolerance is different. Your body weight is a factor too. If you’re not sure where to start, begin with a smaller caffeine dose and work your way up. Research suggests that doses of 2-6 mg/kg body mass may improve exercise performance. (1)
Clinically-based ingredients
Some pre-workouts include ingredients that lack the appropriate dosage needed to experience the desired effects. Others contain ingredients that aren’t evidence-backed at all. Aim to use those that include therapeutic dosages of beneficial ingredients.
Third-party tested
Look for strong pre-workouts that have undergone third-party testing. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates supplements differently than medications, as they don’t have to be approved first. Third-party testing is optional, but it demonstrates that a brand is committed to providing its customers with products free of unsafe and banned substances.
Taste and solubility
Although most people don’t buy strong pre-workouts for the taste, it helps when they’re not repulsive to consume. Look for good flavors you don’t mind drinking so the product doesn’t sit on your shelf for months.
Furthermore, look for strong pre-workout powders that dissolve well in water and other liquids. If there are hard clumps of powder at the bottom of your shaker, you didn’t get the whole serving, which can impact its effectiveness.
Price per serving
When purchasing a pre-workout, it’s better to look at the price per serving rather than the selling price. Some pre-workouts look “affordable” but have fewer servings, which could result in more frequent buying.
What to do before taking a strong pre-workout
If you’re new to taking a strong pre-workout, there are a few things you should do before diving in the deep end. First, assess whether the pre-workout you’ve chosen contains any ingredients that you might be allergic to or might upset your stomach. Before taking it for the first time, eat a little bit of food to try and prevent an upset stomach. And, it’s probably a good idea to skip your morning coffee before you take a strong pre-workout, especially for the first time. The extra kick of caffeine could increase feelings of anxiety, so it’s best to ease into the additional stimulant boost. (20)
What to avoid in a strong pre-workout
While strong pre-workouts may share similarities, not all products on the market are created equally. When choosing the best strong pre-workout for you, you’ll want to avoid a few things.
First, avoid pre-workouts that contain proprietary blends. These blends make it difficult to see every ingredient you’re consuming, which is important nutrition information as you work on meeting your physical goals. Also, be wary of artificial ingredients or banned substances in certain pre-workouts. This is particularly important for people who participate in athletic competitions where officials may test athletes for these substances.
Common strong pre-workout ingredients
There are a few common ingredients we noticed as we assessed the best strong pre-workouts on the market:
Beta-alanine
Caffeine
Creatine nitric-oxide enhancers
L-citrulline
L-arginine
Nitrates
How we choose the strongest pre-workouts
Some of the best pre-workouts on the market aren’t necessarily considered the strongest. Therefore, we set out to see which pre-workouts excelled in the clinically-dosed ingredients department. We also considered that people have different preferences, tolerances, and objectives. For instance, some people want little to no caffeine, whereas others want a lot.
However, it should have certain evidence-backed ingredients, whether it’s the strongest natural pre-workout or the strongest pre-workout on a budget.
Common stimulant sources of energy in pre-workout supplements are caffeine anhydrous, PurCaf, di-caffeine malate, and theobromine. Common stimulant-free ingredients that support energy include taurine, eleuthero root, niacin, and vitamins B6 and B12. We look for effective doses of these ingredients for energy.
Ingredients for endurance—10%
When included in effective doses, some pre-workout formula ingredients may boost mental and physical endurance during workouts. These include beta-alanine, Carnosyn, ancient peat, and apple extract, Rhodiola rosea, L-carnitine, eleuthero root, astragalus root extract, Astragin, and Senactiv. We look for effective doses of these ingredients for endurance.
Ingredients for lean muscle support—10%
We look for 11 ingredients in effective doses that support lean muscle growth. Some of these ingredients are backed by more research than others, and they are weighted accordingly in the score for this section. The ingredients are creatine, betaine, leucine, taurine, isoleucine, valine, zinc, vitamin B, BCAAs, boron, and calcium.
Ingredients for muscle fatigue reduction—10%
We look for pre-workout formulas with ingredients shown to reduce muscle fatigue. Specifically, we look for formulas that include citrulline malate and beetroot.
Non-stim ingredients—10%
Non-stimulant ingredients, such as vitamin B12, B6, or Taurine, are important because they support energy production and overall performance without relying on stimulants like caffeine. Including non-stim ingredients ensures that the supplement provides a more balanced and sustained energy boost, reducing the risk of jitters or crashes that can come with high-stimulant products. This makes it a valuable consideration for those seeking a more natural or less intense energy boost from their pre-workout supplement.
Ingredients for focus—5%
Improved focus can add to the intensity and intentionality of your workout. Many ingredients in pre-workout formulas included for focus either aren’t backed by studies or the studies show no effect. Still, we consider the inclusion and dosing of four common pre-workout ingredients in this category, though with a much smaller weight in the overall score. They include Alpha GPC, tyrosine, huperzine A, and choline bitartrate.
Ingredients for hydration—5%
Hydration plays an important role in muscle performance and recovery. We give high scores in this category to formulas that contain sodium, potassium, and/or coconut water powder (a natural source of potassium).
Sweeteners—10%
We consider research about common sweeteners when assessing which pre-workout formulas provide the least health risks to users.
Cost per serving—5%
While price isn’t always indicative of quality or value, we do reward more affordable pre-workout supplements, though we give this category less weight than the others.
FAQs
What pre-workout has the highest caffeine?
The strongest pre-workout with the highest amount of caffeine is Kaged Pre-Kaged Elite. One serving contains 388 milligrams of caffeine from PurCaf. The latter is a naturally derived source of caffeine from organic green coffee beans.
Why is C4 pre-workout so strong?
C4 Ultimate Strength is packed with clinically evidenced doses of various ingredients. For instance, it has 5.5 grams of creatine, a substance known for muscle gains and improved performance. It includes two nitric-oxide enhancers, L-citrulline, and 3 grams of L-arginine, linked to improved blood flow and nutrient delivery to muscles. Then, to give individuals the energy and focus needed to push through extra sets, 300 milligrams of caffeine are added to provide individuals with the necessary energy and focus to push through extra sets. That, plus the addition of several patented ingredients, provides one potent 27.9 gram serving.
What is the strongest pre-workout on the market?
The strongest pre-workout overall is Transparent Labs BULK BLACK. Not only does it provide evidence-backed doses of key ingredients, like citrulline malate, beta-alanine, and betaine-anhydrous, but it also has nootropics. Nootropics may help with mood and focus so you can confidently power through your workout. Plus, BULK BLACK contains 275-325 milligrams of caffeine and 75 milligrams of Infinergy™ per serving, depending on which flavor you choose, which further helps with focus and energy.
What are the side effects of taking strong pre-workouts?
Strong pre-workouts often have high amounts of caffeine and other stimulants, which may cause undesirable symptoms. Some people experience anxiety, itchiness, a rapid heart rate, and trouble sleeping. Occasionally, these stimulants even cause diarrhea and high blood pressure. Therefore, it’s best to start with low-to-moderate doses so you can assess your tolerance.
Are strong pre-workouts safe?
Strong pre-workouts are generally safe for people with no chronic issues, however if you have high blood pressure or anxiety, you might want to try a pre-workout that doesn’t have caffeine or other stimulants.
What is the difference between a strong pre-workout and a regular strength supplement?
“Strong” pre-workouts tend to have more caffeine than a “regular” pre-workout. They also generally have a high amount of beta-alanine, which helps offset muscle fatigue, and citrulline, which improves blood flow.
What causes a crash after pre-workout?
You may experience a crash after your workout based on the amount of caffeine and sugar that can sometimes be in pre-workout supplements. If you’re not used to drinking caffeine you might try a non-caffeinated (also called non-stim) pre-workout to get started.
Can you build a tolerance to pre-workout?
It is possible for your body to build up a tolerance to the caffeine in pre-workout supplements, just like you would a cup of coffee. If you are new to strong pre-workout drinks, it’s best to use less than the recommended amount to get started, so you can gradually introduce more caffeine into your system.
These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any diseases.
Our experts
Robert Wildman, Ph.D., RD, LD, CISSN, FISSN
Dr. Robert Wildman (“Dr. Rob”) is a globally renowned exercise, fitness, and nutrition expert who speaks around the world on exercise and sport nutrition, and continues to work with professional and elite athletes to achieve their highest level of performance as well as health and fitness. Rob received his Ph.D. from The Ohio State University, earned his MS from Florida State University, and earned his BS from the University of Pittsburgh. He is also a registered and licensed dietitian.
Amanda Dvorak
Amanda Dvorak is a Fortune Recommends writer and editor. A garage gym owner who is passionate about working out and healthy living, she has four years of experience writing product reviews for fitness and nutrition websites. Amanda is currently studying to become a certified personal trainer through the International Sports Sciences Association (ISSA).
Joana Neziri, M.S., NASM CPT
Joana is a writer, editor, and content strategist focusing on nutrition, fitness, and all things health. After earning a master’s degree in business from the University of North Florida, she began a career in research and digital marketing.
Lily Moe
Lily is a Brooklyn-based writer and editor with over seven years of experience in health media. As a former Fitness Coach, Lily’s editorial prowess has largely focused on fitness, nutrition, and weight management. She has also spent a fair share of time in testing labs, analyzing everything from protein powders to yoga mats. Her work has appeared in Verywell Fit, Verywell Mind, Health, and more.
Kelly Uhler
Kelly has a multifaceted background in elder care, health care, and copywriting. She has worked for organizations such as A Place For Mom and Homecare.com, which gave her the opportunity to work closely with families, providing reliable information to help them make informed decisions about their loved one’s health, safety, and quality of life.
Jessica Thomas
MPH, Fortune Recommends Writer
About Author
Jessica Thomas is a health and wellness writer, public health professional, and business owner. She has a Bachelor of Science in Health Administration with a focus on Aging Studies. In addition, Jessica has earned a Master of Public Health with a minor in Public Health Informatics from Michigan State University.
Sources
Guest, N. S., VanDusseldorp, T. A., Nelson, M. T., Grgic, J., Schoenfeld, B. J., Jenkins, N. D. M., Arent, S. M., Antonio, J., Stout, J. R., Trexler, E. T., Smith-Ryan, A. E., Goldstein, E. R., Kalman, D. S., & Campbell, B. I. (2021). International society of sports nutrition position stand: caffeine and exercise performance. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 18(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-020-00383-4
Arazi, H., Aboutalebi, S., Taati, B., Cholewa, J. M., & Candow, D. G. (2022). Effects of short-term betaine supplementation on muscle endurance and indices of endocrine function following acute high-intensity resistance exercise in young athletes. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 19(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/15502783.2022.2041988
Ostfeld, I., & Hoffman, J. R. (2023). The Effect of β-Alanine Supplementation on Performance, Cognitive Function and Resiliency in Soldiers. Nutrients, 15(4), 1039. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15041039
Trexler, E. T., Smith-Ryan, A. E., Stout, J. R., Hoffman, J. R., Wilborn, C. D., Sale, C., Kreider, R. B., Jäger, R., Earnest, C. P., Bannock, L., Campbell, B., Kalman, D., Ziegenfuss, T. N., & Antonio, J. (2015). International society of sports nutrition position stand: Beta-Alanine. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 12, 30. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-015-0090-y
Gonzalez, A. M., Townsend, J. R., Pinzone, A. G., & Hoffman, J. R. (2023). Supplementation with Nitric Oxide Precursors for Strength Performance: A Review of the Current Literature. Nutrients, 15(3), 660. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030660
Schwedhelm, E., Maas, R., Freese, R., Jung, D., Lukacs, Z., Jambrecina, A., Spickler, W., Schulze, F., & Böger, R. H. (2008). Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of oral L-citrulline and L-arginine: impact on nitric oxide metabolism. British journal of clinical pharmacology, 65(1), 51–59. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2007.02990.x
Kühn, S., Düzel, S., Colzato, L., Norman, K., Gallinat, J., Brandmaier, A. M., Lindenberger, U., & Widaman, K. F. (2019). Food for thought: association between dietary tyrosine and cognitive performance in younger and older adults. Psychological research, 83(6), 1097–1106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-017-0957-4
Tamura, Y., Takata, K., Matsubara, K., & Kataoka, Y. (2021). Alpha-Glycerylphosphorylcholine Increases Motivation in Healthy Volunteers: A Single-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Human Study. Nutrients, 13(6), 2091. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13062091
Baba, Y., Inagaki, S., Nakagawa, S., Kaneko, T., Kobayashi, M., & Takihara, T. (2021). Effects of l-Theanine on Cognitive Function in Middle-Aged and Older Subjects: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Study. Journal of medicinal food, 24(4), 333–341. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2020.4803
Hidese, S., Ogawa, S., Ota, M., Ishida, I., Yasukawa, Z., Ozeki, M., & Kunugi, H. (2019). Effects of L-Theanine Administration on Stress-Related Symptoms and Cognitive Functions in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients, 11(10), 2362. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11102362
Dassanayake, T. L., Kahathuduwa, C. N., & Weerasinghe, V. S. (2022). L-theanine improves neurophysiological measures of attention in a dose-dependent manner: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Nutritional neuroscience, 25(4), 698–708. https://doi.org/10.1080/1028415X.2020.1804098
Dodd, F. L., Kennedy, D. O., Riby, L. M., & Haskell-Ramsay, C. F. (2015). A double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluating the effects of caffeine and L-theanine both alone and in combination on cerebral blood flow, cognition and mood. Psychopharmacology, 232(14), 2563–2576. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-015-3895-0
Kern, B. D., & Robinson, T. L. (2011). Effects of β-alanine supplementation on performance and body composition in collegiate wrestlers and football players. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 25(7), 1804–1815. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181e741cf
Kawamura, T., Okubo, T., Sato, K., Fujita, S., Goto, K., Hamaoka, T., & Iemitsu, M. (2012). Glycerophosphocholine enhances growth hormone secretion and fat oxidation in young adults. Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.), 28(11-12), 1122–1126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2012.02.011
Gough, L. A., Sparks, S. A., McNaughton, L. R., Higgins, M. F., Newbury, J. W., Trexler, E., Faghy, M. A., & Bridge, C. A. (2021). A critical review of citrulline malate supplementation and exercise performance. European journal of applied physiology, 121(12), 3283–3295. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-021-04774-6
Kansakar, U., Trimarco, V., Mone, P., Varzideh, F., Lombardi, A., & Santulli, G. (2023). Choline supplements: An update. Frontiers in endocrinology, 14, 1148166. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1148166
Kurtz, J. A., VanDusseldorp, T. A., Doyle, J. A., & Otis, J. S. (2021). Taurine in sports and exercise. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 18(1), 39. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-021-00438-0
Schuster, J., & Mitchell, E. S. (2019). More than just caffeine: Psychopharmacology of methylxanthine interactions with plant-derived phytochemicals. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 89, 263-274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.09.005
Naderi, A., de Oliveira, E. P., Ziegenfuss, T. N., & Willems, M. T. (2016). Timing, Optimal Dose and Intake Duration of Dietary Supplements with Evidence-Based Use in Sports Nutrition. Journal of exercise nutrition & biochemistry, 20(4), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.20463/jenb.2016.0031
Plotkin, D. L., Delcastillo, K., Van Every, D. W., Tipton, K. D., Aragon, A. A., & Schoenfeld, B. J. (2021). Isolated Leucine and Branched-Chain Amino Acid Supplementation for Enhancing Muscular Strength and Hypertrophy: A Narrative Review. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 31(3), 292-301. Retrieved May 17, 2024, from https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2020-0356
Kim J. (2023). Effect of high-dose vitamin C and E supplementation on muscle recovery and training adaptation: a mini review. Physical activity and nutrition, 27(2), 8–12. https://doi.org/10.20463/pan.2023.0012
Franco, C. N., Seabrook, L. J., Nguyen, S. T., Leonard, J. T., & Albrecht, L. V. (2022). Simplifying the B Complex: How Vitamins B6 and B9 Modulate One Carbon Metabolism in Cancer and Beyond. Metabolites, 12(10), 961. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12100961
Lee MC, Hsu YJ, Shen SY, Ho CS, Huang CC. A functional evaluation of anti-fatigue and exercise performance improvement following vitamin B complex supplementation in healthy humans, a randomized double-blind trial. Int J Med Sci. 2023 Aug 15;20(10):1272-1281. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijms.86738. PMID: 37786445; PMCID: PMC10542023.
Viribay, A., Burgos, J., Fernández-Landa, J., Seco-Calvo, J., & Mielgo-Ayuso, J. (2020). Effects of Arginine Supplementation on Athletic Performance Based on Energy Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 12(5), 1300. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12051300
Villareal, M. O., Matsukawa, T., & Isoda, H. (2018). l-Citrulline Supplementation-Increased Skeletal Muscle PGC-1α Expression Is Associated with Exercise Performance and Increased Skeletal Muscle Weight. Molecular nutrition & food research, 62(14), e1701043. https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201701043
Allerton, T. D., Proctor, D. N., Stephens, J. M., Dugas, T. R., Spielmann, G., & Irving, B. A. (2018). l-Citrulline Supplementation: Impact on Cardiometabolic Health. Nutrients, 10(7), 921. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10070921
Malík, M., & Tlustoš, P. (2022). Nootropics as Cognitive Enhancers: Types, Dosage and Side Effects of Smart Drugs. Nutrients, 14(16), 3367. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14163367
Grgic, J., & Mikulic, P. (2021). Effects of Attentional Focus on Muscular Endurance: A Meta-Analysis. International journal of environmental research and public health, 19(1), 89. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010089
Rogers, J. M., Gills, J., & Gray, M. (2020). Acute effects of Nitrosigine® and citrulline malate on vasodilation in young adults. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 17(1), 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-020-00343-y
Joy, J. M., Vogel, R. M., Moon, J. R., Falcone, P. H., Mosman, M. M., Pietrzkowski, Z., Reyes, T., & Kim, M. P. (2016). Ancient peat and apple extracts supplementation may improve strength and power adaptations in resistance trained men. BMC complementary and alternative medicine, 16, 224. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-016-1222-x
Robinson, J. L., Yanes, J. A., Reid, M. A., Murphy, J. E., Busler, J. N., Mumford, P. W., Young, K. C., Pietrzkowski, Z. J., Nemzer, B. V., Hunter, J. M., & Beck, D. T. (2021). Neurophysiological Effects of Whole Coffee Cherry Extract in Older Adults with Subjective Cognitive Impairment: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Cross-Over Pilot Study. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland), 10(2), 144. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10020144
Bathina, S., & Das, U. N. (2015). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and its clinical implications. Archives of medical science : AMS, 11(6), 1164–1178. https://doi.org/10.5114/aoms.2015.56342
Suzuki, I., Sakuraba, K., Horiike, T., Kishi, T., Yabe, J., Suzuki, T., Morita, M., Nishimura, A., & Suzuki, Y. (2019). A combination of oral L-citrulline and L-arginine improved 10-min full-power cycling test performance in male collegiate soccer players: a randomized crossover trial. European journal of applied physiology, 119(5), 1075–1084. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-019-04097-7
Park, H. Y., Kim, S. W., Seo, J., Jung, Y. P., Kim, H., Kim, A. J., Kim, S., & Lim, K. (2023). Dietary Arginine and Citrulline Supplements for Cardiovascular Health and Athletic Performance: A Narrative Review. Nutrients, 15(5), 1268. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15051268
del Favero, S., Roschel, H., Solis, M. Y., Hayashi, A. P., Artioli, G. G., Otaduy, M. C., Benatti, F. B., Harris, R. C., Wise, J. A., Leite, C. C., Pereira, R. M., de Sá-Pinto, A. L., Lancha-Junior, A. H., & Gualano, B. (2012). Beta-alanine (Carnosyn™) supplementation in elderly subjects (60-80 years): effects on muscle carnosine content and physical capacity. Amino acids, 43(1), 49–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-011-1190-x
Cerqueira, H. S. C., Filho, H. T., Corrêa Junior, M., & Martinelli Junior, C. E. (2022). Effects of Theacrine as a Pre-Workout Supplement. International journal of environmental research and public health, 19(21), 14037. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114037
La Monica, M. B., Raub, B., Malone, K., Hartshorn, S., Grdic, J., Gustat, A., & Sandrock, J. (2023). Methylliberine Ingestion Improves Various Indices of Affect but Not Cognitive Function in Healthy Men and Women. Nutrients, 15(21), 4509. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15214509
Porres, J. M., Constantino, J., Kapravelou, G., Lopez-Chaves, C., Galisteo, M., Aranda, P., López-Jurado, M., & Martínez, R. (2020). The combined treatment with lentil protein hydrolysate and a mixed training protocol is an efficient lifestyle intervention to manage cardiovascular and renal alterations in obese Zucker rats. European journal of nutrition, 59(8), 3473–3490. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-020-02181-9
Wessinger, C. M., Inman, C. L., Weinstock, J., & Weiss, E. P. (2021). Effect of Huperzine A on Cognitive Function and Perception of Effort during Exercise: A Randomized Double-Blind Crossover Trial. International journal of exercise science, 14(2), 727–741. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8439683/