Fortune Recommends™ is editorially independent. We may earn affiliate revenue from links in this content. Learn more.

Fortune Recommends™ is editorially independent. We earn a commission for purchases made from affiliate partners via some links on our site; other links are not affiliate partner links. Click here to read the full Fortune Recommends advertiser disclosure and how we earn commissions. Click here to read about our editorial policies and our methodologies.

The 9 best non-stim pre-workouts of 2024, reviewed by a certified holistic nutritionist

Do you find yourself getting jittery after taking pre-workout? If you’re sensitive to caffeine but still want a boost before hitting the gym, a non-stimulant (non-stim) pre-workout can be a good alternative. These caffeine-free pre-workouts often contain ingredients like beta-alanine, citrulline malate, and amino acids, which can support muscle performance, blood flow, and mental focus.

Our team of certified personal trainers, USA weightlifting coaches, and nutrition experts have tested dozens of the best pre-workouts without caffeine and rounded up the top eight. Whether you want to gain muscle, improve your focus, or experience a great pump, we’ve got the best non-stim pre-workout for you.

Best non-stim pre-workout overall

Transparent Labs PreSeries Stim-Free is full of science-backed ingredients that help provide a great pump, improved energy, and focus, making it our pick for the best non-stim pre-workout overall.

Medical disclaimer: This article is intended for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for medical advice. For health advice, contact a licensed healthcare provider.

Our picks for the best non-stim pre-workout

Compare non-stim pre-workouts

Transparent Labs PreSeries Stim-Free Legion Pulse Stim-Free Gainful Pre-Workout Nutricost PRE-SF Jacked Factory Pump Surge Stim Free Gnarly Sports Nutrition Pre-Workout Genius Pre Caffeine-Free Kaged Pre-Kaged Stim Free 1st Phorm Endura-Formance
Transparent Labs PreSeries Stim-Free Legion Pulse Stim-Free Gainful Pre-Workout Nutricost PRE-SF Jacked Factory Pump Surge Stim Free Gnarly Sports Nutrition Pre-Workout Genius Pre Caffeine-Free Kaged Pre-Kaged Stim Free 1st Phorm Endura-Formance
Rating
4.8/5
4.5/5
3.8/5
3.5/5
4/5
4.1/5
4/5
4.1/5
4.1/5
Key Ingredients Citrulline malate, beta-alanine, betaine anhydrous, taurine Citrulline malate, beta-alanine, betaine anhydrous, alpha-GPC L-citrulline malate, creatine, beta-alanine, BCAAs L-citrulline, beta-alanine, taurine, arginine, L-carnitine Tartrate L-citrulline, betaine anhydrous, glycerol, L-tyrosine, huperzine-A Beta-alanine, citrulline malate, vegan BCAAs L-citrulline malate, beta-alanine, betaine anhydrous, alpha-GPC L-citrulline, beta-alanine, betaine anhydrous Creatine, beta-alanine, betaine anhydrous
Dose ½-1 scoop (20–23 g) 2 scoops (21.5–23.5 g) ½-1 scoop (12 g) 1 scoop (15 g) 1-2 scoops (16.7 g) 1 scoop (14 g) 1 scoop (16.9 g) 1 scoop (27.9 g) 1 scoop (16 g)
Price $49.99 $44.99 $26.00 $41.95 $34.99 $44.95 $37.99 $44.99 $44.99
Flavors 7 8 2 3 4 1 4 2 4

Best non-stim pre-workout overall: Transparent Labs PreSeries Stim-Free

person pouring scoop of transparent labs stim free pre workout into shaker bottle

Best non-stim pre-workout overall

person pouring scoop of transparent labs stim free pre workout into shaker bottle
Transparent Labs PreSeries Stim-Free has a clean ingredient list designed to optimize pump and focus.
Fortune Score:
4.8 / 5

Key product features

FI Third Party Testing icon
Sweetener Stevia extract
FI Certification Mattress icon
Lab tested Informed Choice
FI Best Of icon
All natural Yes

What you should know

Transparent Labs sets itself apart in the non-stim pre-workout market with transparent labeling, proper dosing of key ingredients, third-party testing, and a product that’s free from artificial sweeteners and colors. 

  • Our product testers liked the pump they got from Transparent Lab’s non-stim pre-workout and noted that the taurine/L-tyrosine combo helps with focus. 
  • At $1.67 per serving, Transparent Labs falls in the middle of the market when it comes to price. The company also recommends halving each dose—at least when you begin using the product—which could further stretch your dollars. 
  • This is an excellent option for serious athletes or bodybuilders.
Pros
Third-party tested
No artificial colors or sweeteners
No proprietary blends
Includes sodium and potassium
Cons
Full scoop serving is very potent
Doesn’t always mix well
Users may experience tingling from the beta-alanine

Why we like Transparent Labs PreSeries Stim-Free as best overall

Transparent Labs PreSeries Stim-Free pre-workout is designed to increase exercise performance, muscle gain, energy, and focus. It contains clinically dosed ingredients like citrulline malate, beta-alanine, betaine anhydrous, and L-tyrosine. 

This formula contains 8 grams of citrulline malate per serving to enhance nitric oxide production for better blood flow and nutrient delivery to muscles. Citrulline malate may improve resistance and high-intensity exercise performance, as well as muscle endurance. (1

Beta-alanine (4 grams per serving) and betaine anhydrous (2.5 grams per serving) are both clinically dosed. Beta-alanine is best used for improving the performance of high-intensity exercise lasting from one to four minutes—think explosive movements, lifting sets, and sprints. One thing to note is that you need to supplement with beta-alanine daily for a few weeks to see a difference. (2) Betaine has mixed evidence on its efficacy, but it may increase training volume. (3)

Transparent Labs also incorporates L-tyrosine (1 gram per serving) and taurine (1.3 grams per serving)  to help sharpen focus. Tyrosine is an amino acid that can help enhance cognitive function. (4)

Our product tester, a certified personal trainer, tried the cherry limeade flavor. She found it tart and not overly sweet like some other Transparent Labs flavors. However, she found this powder didn’t mix well and left persistent chunks, even in a shaker bottle. 

Because of the high dose of beta-alanine, some people may experience tingling skin or itchiness. Although it’s uncomfortable, it is harmless and not an allergic reaction. 

Transparent Labs PreSeries Stim-Free formula is, well, transparent—every ingredient on the label is listed with a dose that is not hidden behind a proprietary blend. Moreover, it’s third-party tested through Informed Choice as assurance of no illegal or sport-banned substances. 

At $1.67 per serving, this product has a higher price-point than other comparable products on the market, but you may be able to get double the servings by following a recommendation straight from Transparent Labs. The company recommends starting with a ½ scoop serving, instead of the full scoop, due to the potency of the pre-workout. This will extend the life of this product and bring down the cost per serving. Keep in mind, however, that a ½ scoop serving doesn’t provide the same clinically-effective dosages. 

Check out our Transparent Labs pre-workout review for more information.

What customers are saying

Transparent Labs’ PreSeries Stim-Free pre-workout has garnered 65 reviews on Amazon. Customers enjoy the taste and efficacy of the ingredients, especially when compared to other products, including stimulant pre-workouts, they have tried. 

One customer noted this is one of his favorite non-stim pre-workouts, and that a half scoop will be fine for most people. 

 “I have been wanting to buy this product for a while, but the price is high. However, once I bought this, it was right up there with my favorite preworkouts,” Allister H. wrote. “Since this is effectively dosed, you do not need a full scoop…I am a 240-pound male, I have been working out for over 10 years consistently and heavy, 4-5 times per week, and I have tried tons of pre-workouts, so trust me when I say you don’t need a full scoop.” 

An Amazon reviewer named Michael R. also spoke highly of Transparent Labs PreSeries Stim-Free from an ingredient perspective. “Did a ton of research on ingredients and this product by far has the right amount and best ingredients compared to any other product on the market,” he commented. 

But, not all customers had the same positive experience. Paul D. noted that the product sparked an unforeseen reaction. 

“I had an allergic reaction and they will not do a refund,” he wrote. 

Specs

Key IngredientsCitrulline malate, beta-alanine, betaine anhydrous, taurine
FlavorsBlue raspberry, peach mango, strawberry lemonade, tropical punch, orange, sour grape, cherry limeade
CertificationsInformed Choice
Number of servings30-60
Serving size½-1 scoop (20.3 grams)
Cost per serving$0.83-$1.67

Best non-stim pre-workout for cardio: Legion Pulse Stim-Free

a tub of legion pulse stim free pre workout

Best non-stim pre-workout for cardio

a tub of legion pulse stim free pre workout
Legion Athletics Pulse Stim-Free is an all-natural, non-stim pre-workout available in a wide range of flavors.
Fortune Score:
4.5 / 5

Key product features

FI Warranty icon
Guarantee 100% money-back
FI Third Party Testing icon
Sweeteners Erythritol and steview
FI Temperature icon
Lab tested Labdoor and NSF
FI ECO Mattress icon
All natural Yes

What you should know

Legion Pulse Stim-Free is another great option that is all-natural, high-quality, and contains clinically effective ingredients. Legion is committed to transparency, which is why their products are third-party tested through Labdoor. 

  • Legion Pulse Stim-Free comes in eight, naturally-sweetened flavors. 
  • At $2.25 per serving, this product is priced higher than many other choices on the market—but we find the quality worth the cost. 
  • Key ingredients make this a good choice for anyone doing cardio, endurance training, or weightlifting.
Pros
Third-party tested
Made in a cGMP-compliant facility Clinically effective doses
No proprietary blends
100% money-back guarantee
No artificial colors, sweeteners, or flavors
Cons
Erythritol may cause gastrointestinal discomfort in some people
You may feel itchy due to high beta-alanine content
High price per serving

Why we like Legion Pulse as best for cardio

Legion Pulse Stim-Free is specially formulated for those seeking a stimulant-free option without compromising on performance. Packed with clinically tested ingredients, this pre-workout aims to enhance exercise endurance, focus, and muscle pumps.

With 8 grams of citrulline malate per serving, Legion Pulse promotes nitric oxide production and increases blood flow to muscles for improved nutrient delivery and endurance. (1)  Beta-alanine, dosed at 3.6 grams, aids in buffering lactic acid buildup and delaying muscle fatigue during intense workouts. (2)

This non-stim formula also includes betaine anhydrous (2.5 grams per serving) to boost muscle endurance and alpha-GPC (300 mg per serving) to promote cognitive function and increase power output. (3,5)  While both of these ingredients are clinically dosed, more studies are needed to validate their performance-enhancing benefits. 

Legion Athletics Pulse Stim-Free is meticulously tested by third-party labs for purity and potency, ensuring each ingredient meets the highest standards. This product has an A- ranking from Labdoor and is certified to contain no banned substances. Plus, it’s made in NSF-certified and cGMP-compliant facilities. 

Every ingredient in Stim-Free Pulse is naturally sourced. However, one of the sweeteners used, erythritol, may cause gastrointestinal discomfort for some users, especially at higher amounts. At $2.25 per serving, Legion’s non-stim pre-workout is priced higher than many competitors, but its effectiveness, transparency, and third-party testing justify the cost.

Check out our complete Legion Pulse pre-workout review for more insights.

What customers are saying

A majority of Amazon’s 912 reviews of Legion’s Pulse Stim-Free praise its clean ingredients, great taste, and solubility. 

“I had never used a non-caffeinated preworkout before and let me say, I will never go back. This pre workout gives me clean and fresh energy with no crash later! I don’t feel groggy or sleepy after it wears off like with other pre workouts. The flavor is great as well which is a plus!”

Savannah, Amazon

“Their product is good (I’ve tried like 8 different preworkouts, Legion is the only one I’ve consistently bought) and the seller is the best,” Aidan wrote. “They’re the kind of company you want to trust your money with, which goes a long way.” 

However, a number of reviewers on Amazon noted dislike for the blue raspberry flavor, as well as a tingly and itchy sensation on their hands and ears after consuming Legion Pulse Stim-Free.

“The Blue Razz flavor is awful. I don’t understand all of the positive feedback on the flavor in the comments,” one verified buyer commented. “I immediately felt a pin needle sensation all over my ears and hands as soon as I finished drinking it, which I truly just can’t stand. Had I known it was due to the beta-alanine I wouldn’t have purchased it in the first place, but I have to say with all of the products on the market without it I’m surprised this product contains it, especially the way it’s marketed.”

Specs

Key IngredientsL-citrulline DL-malate, beta-alanine, betaine anhydrous, alpha-GP
FlavorsTropical punch, arctic blast, fruit punch, green apple, blue raspberry, grape, sour candy, strawberry kiwi
CertificationsLabdoor, NSF, cGMP
Number of servings20
Serving size2 scoops (21.5-23.5 grams)
Cost per serving$2.25

Best non-stim pre-workout with BCAAs: Gainful Pre-Workout

a person pouring a mixed serving of gainful stim free pre workout into a glass

Best non-stim pre-workout with BCAAs

a person pouring a mixed serving of gainful stim free pre workout into a glass
With an ideal 2:1:1 ratio of leucine, isoleucine, and valine, Gainful Pre-Workout is a solid stim-free pre-workout with BCAAs.
Fortune Score:
3.8 / 5

Key product features

FI ECO Mattress icon
Sweetener Stevia
FI Diet Type icon
All-natural Yes
FI Serving Size icon
Plant-based Yes
FI Workout Type icon
Creatine 3 grams/serving

What you should know

With the addition of creatine and branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), Gainful Pre-Workout is designed to support performance and minimize recovery time. 

  • Gainful Pre-Workout provides the ideal 2:1:1 ratio of leucine, isoleucine, and valine to support muscle protein synthesis. 
  • Although there are only 14 servings per container, a price of $1.86 per serving is slightly lower than other top pre-workouts on the market. 
  • Gainful Pre-workout is best suited for recreational exercisers doing moderate-intensity activity.
  • Added creatine and BCAAs can reduce or replace the need to buy multiple supplements.
Pros
Ideal ratio of BCAAs
100% vegan
No artificial ingredients
Contains creatine
Cons
No mention of third-party testing
Only two flavor options
Beta-alanine and citrulline malate doses aren’t clinically effective

Why we like Gainful Pre-Workout as best with BCAAs

Gainful Pre-Workout stands out as a top choice for those prioritizing BCAAs (branched-chain amino acids) and creatine in their supplement stack. This non-stim pre-workout provides 2 grams of BCAAs total, in the ideal 2:1:1 ratio of leucine, isoleucine, and valine to stimulate muscle protein synthesis. (6

This formula contains 4 grams per serving of citrulline malate, to enhance blood flow and nutrient delivery to working muscles, aiding in endurance and muscle pumps. However, this is not considered a clinically effective dose for exercise performance. Doses ranging from 3 to 6 grams are supported for circulatory health, but the most common dosing strategy for exercise protocols is 6 to 8 grams of citrulline malate. (7

Gainful Pre-Workout also contains 3 grams of creatine monohydrate per serving. Creatine is a well-researched compound known for its ability to increase high-intensity exercise performance. By supplementing with creatine, users may experience improved workout performance, training adaptations, and faster recovery. Plus, 3 grams of creatine taken daily has shown promise with regard to general health benefits. (8)

In addition to citrulline, BCAAs, and creatine, this formula includes 1.5 grams per serving of beta-alanine to help buffer lactic acid buildup and delay fatigue during intense exercises lasting one to four minutes. This is also below the clinically effective dose. A range of 4–6 grams of beta-alanine daily is recommended for enhancing exercise performance. (2

Be mindful when purchasing from the Gainful website—they offer a caffeinated and non-caffeinated version of the same product. The website says you can personalize the pre-workout for your needs, but there is only one option if you want the stimulant-free pre-workout. 

At $1.86 per serving, Gainful Pre-Workout is priced competitively, especially considering its formula includes BCAAs and creatine. Because there is no mention of third-party testing, this supplement is better suited for fitness enthusiasts and recreational gym-goers.

Specs

Key ingredientsL-citrulline malate, creatine, beta-alanine, BCAAs
FlavorsWatermelon, strawberry lemonade
CertificationsNone
Number of servings14
Serving size1 scoop (12 grams)
Cost per serving$1.86

Best non-stim pre-workout for beginners: Nutricost PRE-SF

tub of nutricost stim free pre workout

Best non-stim pre-workout for beginners

tub of nutricost stim free pre workout
Nutricost Stim-Free Pre-Workout boosts muscle pump, focus, with ingredients like L-citrulline, L-tyrosine, and B vitamins.
Fortune Score:
3.5 / 5

Key product features

FI Third Party Testing icon
L-citrulline 6 grams
FI ECO Mattress icon
Flavors 3 flavors
FI Warranty icon
Guarantee 60-day

What you should know

Nutricost Stim-Free Pre-Workout is a solid and affordable option for those new to using pre-workouts. It helps provide a muscle pump and sharpen focus without caffeine. 

  • The formula contains 6 grams of L-citrulline, which is clinically effective for boosting pump. 
  • At $1.40 per serving, Nutricost Stim-Free Pre-Workout is the most affordable option we featured and falls well below the average market price for comparable products. 
  • Beta-alanine (1.2 grams) is not a clinically effective dose. However, this might appeal to a beginner, as it likely won’t cause the tingling sensation commonly associated with beta-alanine.
Pros
Clinical dose of L-citrulline (6 grams)
Non-GMO, gluten-free, soy-free
Made in a GMP Compliant facility
Cons
Beta-Alanine is clinically underdosed, at 1.2 grams
No third-party testing
Contains artificial flavors

Why we like Nutricost as best for beginners

For gymgoers trying pre-workout for the first time, Nutricost Stim-Free Pre-Workout provides an effective muscle pump and energy boost thanks to key ingredients like L-citrulline and B vitamins. 

Nutricost contains 6 grams of L-citrulline per serving, which is a clinically studied dose. L-citrulline helps enhance exercise performance by increasing nitric oxide production for improved blood flow and nutrient delivery to muscles. (1

The formula also includes energy-enhancing ingredients like vitamins B1, B3, B6, and B12. The B vitamins, in particular, help your body use energy from food. (15) In addition to this boost, the Nutricost formula contains L-tyrosine (500 milligrams per serving) and taurine (1.2 grams per serving)  to help improve cognitive function and focus during exercise. (4)

While Nutricost’s 1.2-gram dose of beta-alanine is lower than the recommended 3.2-6.4 gram clinically effective dose, it may appeal to beginners. High doses of beta-alanine can cause a tingling sensation that, while harmless, could be alarming to people trying pre-workout for the first time. (2

We did find it slightly confusing that the different flavors of Nutricost’s stim-free pre-work have different ingredient labels. The pink lemonade and peach mango ingredient labels include evodiamine, whereas the blue raspberry contains thermodiamine. The blue raspberry flavor also contains betaine anhydrous (2 grams), which is not included in the pink lemonade or peach mango supplement facts. 

Additionally, the blue raspberry has a bigger serving size (18 grams) than the other two flavors (15 grams). The same flavor on Amazon shows 15 grams per serving and the same ingredients as the pink lemonade and peach mango. 

Nutricost Stim-Free is made in an FDA-registered facility that is GMP Compliant. However, there is no indication of third-party testing. For a beginner, this isn’t much of a concern, but we recommend serious athletes who might be more vigilant about their pre-workout routine stick to third-party tested supplements. 

At just $1.40 per serving, Nutricost Stim-Free Pre-Workout comes in well under the average market price for this category and is the least expensive option we featured. Nutricost also offers a 60-day money-back guarantee. 

What customers are saying

Nutricost Stim-Free Pre-Workout has garnered 642 reviews on Amazon. Buyers like the performance and ingredients for the price. Opinions were mixed on the taste. 

“Mixes well, no clumps, taste is a bit sweet so add plenty of water. Otherwise, it is tangy and mixes nicely with my creatine,” wrote a verified Amazon buyer with the username RRE. 

“Not kidding,  the peach mango tastes like juice. This does not have a chalky texture at all!”

Charlotte, S., Amazon

But, not everyone felt the pre-workout achieved the desired result. “No energy given. Felt absolutely nothing. Within an hour of my workout, I felt so tired and had zero energy,” verified Amazon customer Michelle wrote.

Specs

Key ingredientsL-citrulline malate, beta-alanine
FlavorsBlue raspberry, peach mango, pink lemonade
CertificationsGMP compliant facility
Number of servings30
Serving size1 scoop (15 grams)
Cost per serving$1.40

Best non-stim pre-workout for pump: Jacked Factory Pump Surge Stim Free

a tub of jacked factory pump surge stim free pre workout

Best non-stim pre-workout for pump

a tub of jacked factory pump surge stim free pre workout
Pump Surge has a potent dose of L-citrulline plus Glycerpump to enhance water retention in the muscles, providing a great pump.
Fortune Score:
4 / 5

Key product features

FI ECO Mattress icon
Sweetener Sucralose
FI Certification Mattress icon
Guarantee 30-day
FI Third Party Testing icon
Ingredients No fillers/dyes

What you should know

Jacked Factory Pump Surge Stim Free offers a combination of nitric oxide boosters and focus-enhancing nootropics to provide a clinically dosed, stimulant-free pre-workout without beta-alanine. 

  • Jacked Factory Pump Surge Stim Free is the only non-stim pre-workout we featured without beta-alanine.
  • At $2.33 per serving and with only 15 servings per container, this product is more expensive than the other stimulant-free pre-workouts featured here. 
  • Those who are sensitive to stimulants and don’t like the tingling sensation caused by beta-alanine will appreciate this option.
Pros
Effective doses of citrulline and betaine anhydrous
No beta-alanine
No fillers or dyes
No proprietary blends
Cons
No third-party testing
Only four flavors available
Contains artificial flavors
Sweetened with sucralose

Why we like Jacked Factory Pump Surge Stim Free as best for pump

Jacked Factory Pump Surge Stim Free is a standout option for exercisers seeking a caffeine-free muscle pump. The formula blends 8 grams of L-citrulline with 2 grams of Glycerpump™, which the company claims boosts nitric oxide levels, hydrates the muscles, and promotes muscle fullness. Glycerpump is a trademarked ingredient that contains 65% glycerol powder to enhance water retention. One thing to note, glycerol can make you feel heavier, and it is also used as a laxative to relieve constipation. (1,9

Pump Surge Stim-Free contains a science-backed 2.5 grams of betaine anhydrous. However, there is mixed evidence on betaine’s ability to increase muscular strength and power output. (3

This formula contains 1 gram of L-tyrosine and 125 micrograms of huperzine A per serving which plays a functional role in cognitive function and focus. Huperzine A is used in Chinese folk medicine to treat dementia. It works by increasing levels of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the brain, which may enhance cognitive function, focus, and memory. For gym-goers, supplementation could help optimize mental clarity and concentration during workouts. (4,10)

There could be some confusion surrounding Jacked Factory’s labels and directions on their website. The Pump Surge Stim-Free container says it contains 30 servings and recommends taking one scoop (8.35 grams), but the label on the website says it contains 15 servings and that one scoop is 16.7 grams. In the FAQ section of the website, Jacked Factory recommends taking one or two scoops of Pump Surge before a workout. You have to use the two-scoop serving to get the clinically effective dose of citrulline and betaine. 

If you purchase directly from the Jacked Factory website, Pump Surge costs $34.99, but if you purchase from the Jacked Factory store on Amazon, the price is $19.99. One thing to note is that Jacked Factory does have a 30-day money-back guarantee, but Amazon does not allow returns of this product.

Priced at $2.33 per serving, this is the most expensive stimulant-free pre-workout on our list. We’d love to see a product at this price-point include third-party testing and do away with the artificial flavors and sweeteners in the formula. 

What customers are saying

Jacked Factory Pump Surge Stim-Free has 5,027 reviews on Amazon, with many customers commenting on a noticeable pump, as well as great pre-workout energy and focus without jitters or face tingling. 

“I usually use the high-stim one, but when I have to work late (and workout after work) it would keep me up too late. This is a nice option for my fluctuating work schedule.”

Chris, Amazon

Verified customer Kenpo S. commented, “I like this product. It provides enough help to power through my workout but does not leave residual jitters afterward. It is a little pricey, though.” 

On the other hand, some Amazon reviewers were not impressed with the pump or the cherry limeade flavor. 

“I’ve tried a few different non-stim pre-workout supplements, and this is easily the worst I’ve had,” commented Grant. “[There was] little to no noticeable impact on energy/duration of workout, and the flavor I ordered (cherry limeade) was gross.”

Specs

Key ingredientsL- citrulline, betaine anhydrous, glycerol powder,L- tyrosine, Astragin, huperzine A
FlavorsStrawberry lemonade, blue raspberry, watermelon, cherry limeade
CertificationsNone
Number of servings15
Serving size1 scoop (16.7 grams)
Cost per serving$2.33

Best all-natural non-stim pre-workout: Gnarly Sports Nutrition Pre-Workout

a tub of gnarly sports nutrition caffeine free pre workout

Best all-natural non-stim pre-workout

a tub of gnarly sports nutrition caffeine free pre workout
Gnarly Sports Nutrition offers one non-caffeinated flavor of its all-natural, NSF-certified pre-workout.
Fortune Score:
4.1 / 5

Key product features

FI Insurance Accepted icon
Lab tested NSF-certified
FI ECO Mattress icon
Sweetener Stevia
FI Certification Mattress icon
All-natural Yes
FI Workout Type icon
BCAAs Vegan

What you should know

Gnarly Sports Nutrition Pre-Workout is available in one non-caffeinated flavor, is NSF-certified, and contains all-natural ingredients. If you’re trying to avoid stimulants, make sure you don’t accidentally buy the caffeinated version. 

  • Although this formula contains citrulline malate and beta-alanine, their doses are not considered clinically effective for exercise performance. 
  • At $1.50 per serving, Gnarly Sports Nutrition Pre-Workout is one of the more affordable options on the market. 
  • This is a great choice for recreational athletes and fitness enthusiasts who prioritize all-natural ingredients. 
  • With added BCAAs, you’re getting the benefit of two supplements in one.
Pros
NSF certified
No proprietary blends
Includes BCAAs
All-natural ingredients
Cons
Only one flavor
Confusing product descriptions
Citrulline malate and beta-alanine are underdosed

Why we like Gnarly Sports Nutrition Pre-Workout as best all-natural

Gnarly Sports Nutrition Pre-Workout offers an all-natural stimulant-free option for those looking for muscle pumps and a boost of energy without the jittery side effects of caffeine. 

This is an NSF Content Certified Product, meaning it’s been third-party tested and isn’t contaminated with heavy metals, microbes, or pesticides. Plus, there are no proprietary blends, so you know exactly how much of each ingredient is inside. 

Gnarly’s website says the ingredients are in dosages that are proven to be effective. However, the recommended dose of citrulline malate to enhance sports performance is 6 to 8 grams. This pre-workout contains 5 grams per serving. Citrulline malate is used to increase blood flow to working muscles. (7)

Likewise, 3.2-6.4 grams per day of beta-alanine is recommended for enhancing exercise performance, but Gnarly Pre-Workout contains 2.5 grams per serving. You need to supplement with it daily for a few weeks to really notice a difference. More research is needed to determine the effects of beta-alanine on strength and endurance performance beyond 25 minutes in duration. (2

Gnarly Pre-Workout contains the ideal 2:1:1 ratio of leucine, isoleucine, and valine, with a total of 4 grams of vegan BCAAs per serving to stimulate muscle protein synthesis. It also includes 150 milligrams of Asian Ginseng root powder to naturally boost energy. Asian ginseng is believed to reduce fatigue and enhance endurance during exercise. Its adaptogenic properties may also help the body better cope with stress, aiding in overall performance and recovery. (6,11,12)

Pay attention while shopping—the website offers a caffeinated and non-caffeinated version of the same product. The product descriptions on the website are for the caffeinated versions, which can be confusing for customers. To find the supplement facts and ingredients for the caffeine-free pre-workout, you have to scroll through the product images. There’s also mention of 100 milligrams of ginger in the product descriptions, but it’s not listed on any of the labels. 

At $1.50 per serving, Gnarly Sports Nutrition Pre-Workout is one of the most affordable options we featured. And the addition of BCAAs makes the price even more desirable since you’re basically getting two supplements in one. 

What customers are saying

The 147 Amazon reviews associated with the Gnarly Pre-Workout regularly comment on the high-quality of ingredients. However, it’s impossible to tell from the reviews who used the caffeinated version versus the non-caffeinated one. 

Some Amazon buyers, like Casey E., didn’t realize there was a version with caffeine, and they weren’t happy when they figured that out. “I didn’t realize this, but there are two ingredients in the strawberry lemonade version called beta-alanine and caffeine. The beta-alanine caused itching, and my son also reported feeling more tired on this version.”

Specs

Key ingredientsCitrulline malate, beta-alanine, vegan BCAAs, Asian Ginseng
FlavorsStrawberry lemonade
CertificationsNSF Certified
Number of servings30
Serving size1 scoop (14 grams)
Cost per serving$1.50

Best non-stim pre-workout for muscle gain: Genius Pre Caffeine-Free

a person holding a tub of the genius brand pre workout

Best non-stim pre-workout for muscle gain

a person holding a tub of the genius brand pre workout
Genius Pre combines key ingredients that increase muscle pump and exercise performance with powerful nootropics that enhance focus.
Fortune Score:
4 / 5

Key product features

FI Binaural processing icon
Nootropics Mood and focus
FI ECO Mattress icon
Sweetener Organic stevia
FI Warranty icon
Guarantee 30-day
FI Water Capacity icon
Solubility Excellent

What you should know

Genius Pre Caffeine-Free contains ingredients like L-citrulline, alpha-GPC, and beta-alanine to increase exercise performance, along with nootropics that support cognitive performance. 

  • Our testers pointed out how much focus and mental clarity they felt after taking this—in and out of training. 
  • At $1.90 per serving, Genius Pre is more affordable than many other pre-workout options on the market. 
  • If you’re looking to increase physical and mental performance in or out of the gym, Genius Pre is a well-rounded option.
Pros
Clinical doses of L-citrulline and alpha-GPC
No proprietary blends
No preservatives or fillers
No artificial flavors, colors, or dyes
Contains nootropics to boost brain performance
Cons
Third-party testing isn’t clear
Beta-alanine and betaine anhydrous are underdosed

Why we like Genius Pre Caffeine-Free as best for muscle gain

The Genius Brand Genius Pre offers a unique approach to pre-workout supplementation. Its focus is on enhancing cognitive function and overall performance with nootropics. Formulated with clinically researched ingredients, this pre-workout aims to optimize mental clarity and focus so you can train harder and longer. 

In each serving, Genius Pre includes 600 milligrams of alpha-GPC to encourage focus, 6 grams of L-citrulline malate to boost nitric oxide and increase muscle pump, and 2 grams of beta-alanine to support high-intensity athletic performance. (13,7,2

Genius Brand says that all their supplements are fully dosed, however, both the beta-alanine and betaine anhydrous are underdosed. There are 2 grams of each per serving. The recommended dosage for beta-alanine is 3.2-6.4 grams, while a clinically effective dose of betaine anhydrous is 2.5 grams. (2,3

Our tester said he felt almost euphoric taking Genius Pre. “It almost felt like taking a mood stabilizer, because I was relaxed, not stimulated; clear, and ready to take action. I would definitely take this again before a workout, and I would even take it again just to be focused throughout the day.”

This non-stim pre-workout doesn’t contain any artificial flavors or sweeteners. The Genius Brand website says Genius Pre is third-party tested and contains no banned substances, but no further details are provided. Genius Brand supplements are made in a GMP facility. 

What customers are saying

Customers on Amazon regularly leave five-star ratings. There are over 3,948 reviews for the product, many focusing on the great taste and positive effects on performance, energy, and mental clarity. 

“I love this flavor…I feel energized even though it doesn’t have caffeine. Honestly, sometimes my arms and legs buzz when using it, so be aware you might feel tingly but I was told that is normal.”

Heather, Amazon

An Amazon reviewer named Xavier says Genius Pre is his new favorite pre-workout. “I’ve tried low and high stims, but I get serious palpitations and feel anxious when I take them sometimes. This gives me natural energy without the crash, jitter, or anxiety. I even notice it helps my focus even when I’m not working out.”

On the other hand, some customers said Genius Pre made them itchy and upset their stomachs. 

“I’ve used nootropic-based products for several years, and inevitably there will be some stomach side effects,” wrote verified buyer JR. “However, I have never had such persistent stomach issues with a nootropic product.”

Specs

Key ingredientsL-citrulline malate, beta-alanine, betaine anhydrous, L-tyrosine, L-arginine, taurine, alpha-GPC
FlavorsBlue raspberry, grape limeade, sour apple, sour cherry
CertificationsGMP facility
Number of servings20
Serving size1 scoop (16.9 grams)
Cost per serving$1.90

Best non-stim pre-workout for performance: Kaged Pre-Kaged Stim Free

a tub of pre-kaged stim free pre workout

Best non-stim pre-workout for performance

a tub of pre-kaged stim free pre workout
Kaged Pre-Kaged Stim Free is a pre-workout that helps provide energy and increase pump, performance, and focus without caffeine.
Fortune Score:
4.1 / 5

Key product features

FI Warranty icon
Lab tested Yes
FI Weight Capacity Mattress icon
Calories 20
FI ECO Mattress icon
Sweetener Sucralose
FI Workout Type icon
BCAAs Yes

What you should know

Kaged Pre-Kaged Stim Free can help boost performance thanks to citrulline, beta-alanine, betaine anhydrous, and other performance-focused ingredients.  

  • One of our experts found the pump very strong but felt like the flavor was flat and artificial tasting.
  • At $2.25 per serving, Kaged Pre-Kaged Stim Free is one of the more expensive options on the market. 
  • This stim-free pre-workout from Kaged supports athletes and serious gym-goers looking to increase athletic performance, muscle size, and strength.
  • The scoop is quite large compared to other pre-workouts, making it tough to mix it well.
Pros
Third-party tested
Suitable for vegans
No artificial flavors or colors
Non-GMO
Contains 1.5 grams of creatine hydrochloride (HCl)
Cons
Doesn’t mix well
Priced above average for this category at $2.25 per serving
Extremely high in B6 and B12
Contains sucralose
Contains a proprietary blend

Why we like Kaged Pre-Kaged Stim Free as best for performance

Kaged Pre-Kaged Stim Free is loaded with key ingredients like L-citrulline, beta-alanine, betaine, and BCAAs to improve your energy, muscle pumps, performance, and mental focus without caffeine. 

Fermented L-citrulline helps enhance blood flow and muscle pumps by boosting nitric oxide production. Beta-alanine helps to increase muscle endurance by fighting muscle fatigue, and betaine may help increase power output. Plus, the formula’s fermented vegan BCAAs are in an ideal 2:1:1 L-leucine, L-isoleucine, L-valine ratio. (1,2,3,6)  

Kaged Pre-Kaged includes 100 milligrams of Spectra™, a trademarked blend containing 29 superfood antioxidants. Because it’s a proprietary blend, it’s impossible to know how much of each ingredient is in it or what effect it has on your performance. Some of the herbs may not be suitable for all people. Plus, with so many extra ingredients delivered at a combined level of 100mg, it’s hard to predict performance benefit, if any. But the product is also Informed-Sport Certified, meaning it’s guaranteed safe from banned substances. 

There are also very high doses of vitamins B6 and B12 in the Pre-Kaged mix. B vitamins are water-soluble and quickly leave your body when you urinate, but that doesn’t mean you should supplement with them beyond the sound daily recommendations for people who exercise seriously. This formula contains 20,833% of the daily value for vitamin B12 and 1,417% of the daily value for B6, likely higher than necessary to optimize body status, even for the heaviest training schedules. However, the levels are still well within tolerable ranges and pose no major safety concerns

Our tester, a certified personal trainer, tried the cherry bomb flavor. He felt like it fell flat and tasted artificial. “Not offensive, just not the best. To be honest, I couldn’t really tell it was supposed to be cherry-flavored.”

Taste aside, he said the pump was incredibly strong. “I was working on a heavy top set after taking this, and the after-effects were very apparent. I hate that there are only 20 servings, and the scoop is very large compared to other pre-workouts, but that’s because there are quite a few compounds in here. I love having this for afternoon workouts.” 

Although Kaged Pre-Kaged Stim Free doesn’t contain artificial colors, flavors, or dyes, it does contain sucralose, an artificial sweetener.  

At $2.25 per serving, Kaged Pre-Kaged Stim Free is priced above average for this category.

If you’re still making a decision, check out our Kaged pre-workout supplements review or our strongest pre-workout recommendations for more information.

What customers are saying

Kaged’s Pre-Kaged Stim-Free has earned 843 reviews on Amazon. Reviewers like that they can still get a great workout without caffeine. However, some customers said they had issues with nausea and stomach aches. Others reported problems with broken seals. Overall, the taste had mixed reviews. 

“I was excited to see Pre-Kaged had a stim-free pre-workout, and this stuff does not disappoint,” wrote verified Amazon buyer Charles R. “I do my workouts early in the morning while fasted, and this gives me all the energy and drive I need to lift the weights.” 

“It tastes horrible, mostly because of the sucralose sweetener,” wrote a verified buyer named Monica.  “It’s way too sweet…It actually slowed me down, and I instantly felt nauseous after drinking it.”

Specs

Key ingredientsL-citrulline, beta-alanine, betaine anhydrous, BCAAs
FlavorsCherry bomb, cherry limeade, fruit punch, orange mango
CertificationsInformed-Sport Certified
Number of servings20
Serving size1 scoop (27.9 grams)
Cost per serving$2.25

Best non-stim pre-workout with creatine: 1st Phorm Endura-Formance

a tub of 1st phorm endura-formance pre workout

Best non-stim pre-workout with creatine

a tub of 1st phorm endura-formance pre workout
1st Phorm Endura-Formance is a caffeine-free pre-workout with a full dose of creatine in every serving.
Fortune Score:
4.1 / 5

Key product features

FI Water Capacity icon
Solubility Excellent
FI Workout Type icon
Creatine 5 grams
FI Water Resistant icon
Sodium Yes
FI Warranty icon
Guarantee 30-day

What you should know

With a clinically effective dose of creatine in every serving, 1st Phorm Endura-Formance is a great pre-workout option for fitness enthusiasts looking for a 2-in-1 supplement.

  • Our product tester said the berry lemonade flavor is one of the best-tasting supplements she’s tried. 
  • At $1.50 per serving, this is one of the most affordable stimulant-free pre-workouts we featured, especially considering it also contains the clinical dosage of creatine (5 g). 
  • This pre-workout can support all types of workouts, but with ample sodium, it’s a great option before endurance training.
Pros
Affordable price at $1.50 per serving
Contains creatine (5 g)
30-day money-back guarantee plus 10%
Contains sodium
Cons
No third-party testing
Contains proprietary blends
Contains sucralose
Contains artificial flavors

Why we like 1st Phorm Endura-Formance as best with creatine

With a clinically-effective dose of creatine monohydrate, beta-alanine, and betaine in every serving, 1st Phorm Endura-Formance is a powerhouse non-stim pre-workout supplement. 

Creatine and beta-alanine are both known for increasing high-intensity exercise performance. Creatine increases the availability of phosphocreatine, which helps rapidly regenerate ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the primary energy currency of cells, during high-intensity activities. Beta-alanine helps to reduce lactic acid and improve muscle endurance. Plus, combining creatine with beta-alanine may enhance effectiveness.  (2,8,14)

Endura-Formance contains two proprietary blends. Peak02™ is a blend of adaptogenic mushrooms that are supposed to help you overcome physical and mental stress. S7® is a blend of nitric oxide-boosting ingredients. As we’ve already mentioned, the problem with proprietary blends is you don’t know how much of each ingredient you’re getting in the supplement. So you can’t always know what effect, if any, it has on your performance. 

Our tester, a certified personal trainer, ordered the berry lemonade and said it was easily one of the best-tasting supplements she tried in this round of product testing. “Not too sweet, slightly tart, no weird aftertaste. This mixes well in both a water bottle and in a shaker bottle. No noticeable chunks or grainy bits.” 

She also said Endura-Formance is a great addition to her supplement stack. “I love taking this before all types of workouts, but especially endurance workouts since it has ample sodium. It also contains the clinical dosage of creatine, which is awesome to see, plus beta-alanine, betaine anhydrous, and L-tyrosine, all great ingredients in pre-workout.”

At $1.50 per serving, this is one of the most affordable stimulant-free pre-workouts in our round-up. Plus, it contains a full clinically effective dose of creatine, so you’re getting even more bang for your buck. 1st Phorm also has a 110% money-back guarantee, which shows how much the company stands behind its products. If you don’t love the product, you can return it for a 110% refund (minus the cost of shipping).

Specs

Key ingredientsCreatine monohydrate, beta-alanine, betaine anhydrous
FlavorsStrawberry pineapple, peach ring, black cherry, berry lemonade
CertificationsNone
Number of servings30
Serving size1 scoop (14.4–16.6 grams)
Cost per serving$1.50

How we score non-stim pre-workout supplements

Every pre-workout supplement we review is rated across nine primary categories.  Each category is assigned a different percentage weight of the total score based on its relative importance when considering whether or not you should purchase a pre-workout product. Pre-workout supplements can also earn bonus credits that boost the overall rating for third-party testing credentials, sustainable packaging, the addition of antioxidants, and more.

Learn more about our pre-workout testing methodology and stim-free pre-workout testing methodology.

Ingredients for energy(stimulants)—35%

Common stimulant sources of energy in pre-workout supplements are caffeine anhydrous, PurCaf, di-caffeine malate, and theobromine. Common stimulant-free ingredients that support energy include taurine, eleuthero root, niacin, and vitamins B6 and B12. We look for effective doses of these ingredients for energy.

Ingredients for endurance—10%

When included in effective doses, some pre-workout formula ingredients may boost mental and physical endurance during workouts. These include beta-alanine, Carnosyn, ancient peat, and apple extract, Rhodiola rosea, L-carnitine, eleuthero root, astragalus root extract, Astragin, and Senactiv. We look for effective doses of these ingredients for endurance.

Ingredients for lean muscle support—10%

We look for 11 ingredients in effective doses that support lean muscle growth. Some of these ingredients are backed by more research than others, and they are weighted accordingly in the score for this section. The ingredients are creatine, betaine, leucine, taurine, isoleucine, valine, zinc, vitamin B, BCAAs, boron, and calcium.

Ingredients for muscle fatigue reduction—10%

We look for pre-workout formulas with ingredients shown to reduce muscle fatigue. Specifically, we look for formulas that include citrulline malate and beetroot.

Non-stim ingredients—10%

Non-stimulant ingredients, such as vitamin B12, B6, or Taurine, are important because they support energy production and overall performance without relying on stimulants like caffeine. Including non-stim ingredients ensures that the supplement provides a more balanced and sustained energy boost, reducing the risk of jitters or crashes that can come with high-stimulant products. This makes it a valuable consideration for those seeking a more natural or less intense energy boost from their pre-workout supplement.

Ingredients for focus—5%

Improved focus can add to the intensity and intentionality of your workout. Many ingredients in pre-workout formulas included for focus either aren’t backed by studies or the studies show no effect. Still, we consider the inclusion and dosing of four common pre-workout ingredients in this category, though with a much smaller weight in the overall score. They include Alpha GPC, tyrosine, huperzine A, and choline bitartrate.

Ingredients for hydration—5%

Hydration plays an important role in muscle performance and recovery. We give high scores in this category to formulas that contain sodium, potassium, and/or coconut water powder (a natural source of potassium).

Sweeteners—10%

We consider research about common sweeteners when assessing which pre-workout formulas provide the least health risks to users.

Cost per serving—5%

While price isn’t always indicative of quality or value, we do reward more affordable pre-workout supplements, though we give this category less weight than the others.


Common ingredients in non-stim pre-workout 

Non-stimulant (non-stim) pre-workouts typically include ingredients that enhance performance, endurance, and recovery without using caffeine or other stimulants. Common ingredients include:

  • Citrulline malate
  • Beta-alanine
  • Betaine
  • Alpha-GPC
  • Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs)
  • Electrolytes

Benefits of a non-stim pre-workout 

Non-stim pre-workouts offer several benefits for those sensitive to caffeine or who prefer to avoid stimulants. These supplements can enhance workout performance by increasing blood flow, endurance, and muscle strength without the jittery feeling or potential sleep disturbances associated with stimulants. They also may support recovery and hydration through ingredients like a high-quality magnesium, making them a versatile choice for any time of the day, including evening workouts.

Ingredients

To find an effective caffeine-free pre-workout, look for products that contain evidence-based ingredients in clinically studied dosages. This may include:

  • 6-8 grams of citrulline malate
  • 3.2-6.4 grams of beta-alanine
  • 2.5 grams of betaine
  • 300-600 milligrams of alpha-GPC

For quality and safety, use products that are third-party tested. This means they don’t contain harmful contaminants like heavy metals. Certified for Sport Products go through additional testing to ensure they are banned-substance free for athletes. 

It’s always a good idea to check out customer reviews on the product website and on reseller websites, like Amazon, to gain insights on flavor, solubility, texture, and customer service. 

Flavor

Let’s face it—if you don’t like the flavor of something, it’s hard to stick to it long-term. If you’re curious about trying a specific product, It’s always a good idea to check out customer reviews on the product website or third-party sites like Amazon to gain insights on flavor, solubility, and texture. Different people have varying taste preferences, so looking at a wide range of reviews can help you get a better idea of which flavors are well-liked. 

Additionally, some pre-workouts may have a gritty texture or poor solubility, which can affect the overall experience. Pay attention to comments about how well the product mixes with water or other beverages. Considering these factors can help ensure you choose a pre-workout that you will enjoy taking consistently.

Budget 

Lastly, factor in the cost per serving when you are comparing prices. Since the number of servings per container varies per supplement, the price can be misleading. 


FAQs

Is stim-free pre-workout worth it?

A high-quality non-stimulant pre-workout is worth it if it aligns with your needs, preferences, and fitness goals. Non-stim pre-workouts can be a better choice for those sensitive to caffeine or other stimulants, and for those who do evening workouts.

Do non-stim pre-workouts make you jittery?

Caffeine-free pre-workouts shouldn’t make you feel jittery. Ingredients like beta-alanine can make you feel tingly, and while harmless, it can be uncomfortable. Individual reactions to ingredients can vary, so it’s possible for someone to experience jitteriness with certain non-stimulant pre-workout supplements if they’re sensitive to specific ingredients. It’s always a good idea to start with a lower dose to gauge your body’s response.

How much do non-stim pre-workouts cost?

The cost can vary depending on factors such as brand, ingredients, quantity, and quality. You can find non-stim pre-workouts ranging from around $25 to $50 per container, or $1 to over $2.40 per serving.

When should I take non-stim pre-workouts?

Always follow the instructions on the label of the product you are using, as timing may vary. Most pre-workouts recommend taking them 20-45 minutes before exercise.

Is it necessary to take a pre-workout?

Taking a pre-workout supplement is not necessary. Many people can achieve effective workouts through a balanced diet, proper hydration, and sufficient rest. However, pre-workout supplements can provide an added energy boost, enhanced focus, and improved performance for those who find them beneficial.

Is it safe to take non-stim pre-workout every day?

Generally, it is safe to take non-stim pre-workout supplements daily as long as you adhere to the recommended dosages and are aware of the ingredients. Before starting any supplementation, remember to consult a healthcare professional to ensure it aligns with your health needs.

Can you build a tolerance to non-stim pre-workout?

While tolerance is more commonly associated with stimulant-based pre-workouts, it is possible to build some level of tolerance to certain ingredients in non-stim pre-workouts over time. Rotating supplements or taking breaks can help maintain their effectiveness.

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any diseases.

Our experts

Dr. Robert Wildman, Ph.D., RD, LD, CISSN, FISSN

“Dr. Rob” is a globally renowned exercise, fitness, and nutrition expert who speaks around the world on exercise and sport nutrition, and continues to work with professional and elite athletes to achieve their highest level of performance as well as health and fitness. Rob received his Ph.D. from The Ohio State University, earned his MS from Florida State University, and earned his BS from the University of Pittsburgh. He is also a registered and licensed dietitian.

Lily Moe

 Lily is a Brooklyn-based writer and editor with over seven years of experience in health media. As a former Fitness Coach, Lily’s editorial prowess has largely focused on fitness, nutrition, and weight management. She has also spent a fair share of time in testing labs, analyzing everything from protein powders to yoga mats. Her work has appeared in Verywell Fit, Verywell Mind, Health, and more.

Jessica Coulon

Jessica Coulon is a contributing editor and writer for Fortune Recommends™ who specializes in fitness, health, nutrition, and science content. Previously, she was an editor for Popular Mechanics and Bicycling, where she covered pro cycling news, wrote how-to guides, and tested all the latest and greatest bike gear. She was also a regular shoe tester and contributor for Runner’s World. You can often find her skiing or riding her mountain bike, and racing with the F1RE female enduro team..

Kelly Uhler

Kelly has a multifaceted background in elder care, health care, and copywriting. She has worked for organizations such as A Place For Mom and Homecare.com, which gave her the opportunity to work closely with families, providing reliable information to help them make informed decisions about their loved one’s health, safety, and quality of life.

Melissa Boufounos, CHN

Melissa Boufounos, CHN

Fortune Recommends Nutrition Writer

About Author

Melissa Boufounos is a certified holistic nutritionist, nutrition writer, and lifelong athlete in the greater Ottawa, Ontario, Canada area. She specializes in sports nutrition and works with teen hockey players and competitive obstacle course race athletes in her virtual private practice MB Performance Nutrition.

References
    1. Gough, L. A., Sparks, S. A., McNaughton, L. R., Higgins, M. F., Newbury, J. W., Trexler, E., Faghy, M. A., & Bridge, C. A. (2021). A critical review of citrulline malate supplementation and exercise performance. European journal of applied physiology, 121(12), 3283–3295. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-021-04774-6
    2. Maté-Muñoz, J.L., Lougedo, J.H., Garnacho-Castaño, M.V. et al. Effects of β-alanine supplementation during a 5-week strength training program: a randomized, controlled study. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 15, 19 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-018-0224-0 
    3. Arazi H, Aboutalebi S, Taati B, Cholewa JM, Candow DG. Effects of short-term betaine supplementation on muscle endurance and indices of endocrine function following acute high-intensity resistance exercise in young athletes. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2022 Mar 22;19(1):1-16. doi: 10.1080/15502783.2022.2041988. PMID: 35599921; PMCID: PMC9116406.
    4. Kühn, S., Düzel, S., Colzato, L., Norman, K., Gallinat, J., Brandmaier, A. M., Lindenberger, U., & Widaman, K. F. (2019). Food for thought: association between dietary tyrosine and cognitive performance in younger and older adults. Psychological research, 83(6), 1097–1106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-017-0957-4 
    5. Gage, M., Phillips, K., Noh, B., & Yoon, T. (2021). Choline-Based Multi-Ingredient Supplementation Can Improve Explosive Strength during a Fatiguing Task. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(21), 11400. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111400 
    6. Khemtong, C., Kuo, H., Chen, Y., Jaime, S. J., & Condello, G. (2021). Does Branched-Chain Amino Acids (BCAAs) Supplementation Attenuate Muscle Damage Markers and Soreness after Resistance Exercise in Trained Males? A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients, 13(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13061880
    7. Gonzalez, Adam M.1; Trexler, Eric T.2. Effects of Citrulline Supplementation on Exercise Performance in Humans: A Review of the Current Literature. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 34(5):p 1480-1495, May 2020. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003426 
    8. Jaramillo, A. P., Jaramillo, L., Castells, J., Beltran, A., Garzon Mora, N., Torres, S., Barberan Parraga, G. C., Vallejo, M. P., & Santos, Y. (2023). Effectiveness of Creatine in Metabolic Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cureus, 15(9), e45282. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.45282 
    9. Jolicoeur Desroches, A., Naulleau, C., Deshayes, T. A., Parent-Roberge, H., Pancrate, T., & Goulet, E. D. B. (2023). Effect of Glycerol-Induced Hyperhydration on a 5-kilometer Running Time-Trial Performance in the Heat in Recreationally Active Individuals. Nutrients, 15(3), 599. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030599  
    10. Friedli, M. J., & Inestrosa, N. C. (2021). Huperzine A and Its Neuroprotective Molecular Signaling in Alzheimer’s Disease. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 26(21), 6531. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26216531 
    11. Zhou, S. S., Zhou, J., Xu, J. D., Shen, H., Kong, M., Yip, K. M., Han, Q. B., Zhao, Z. Z., Xu, J., Chen, H. B., & Li, S. L. (2021). Ginseng ameliorates exercise-induced fatigue potentially by regulating the gut microbiota. Food & function, 12(9), 3954–3964. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0fo03384g 
    12. Yoon, J., Park, B., Hong, K. W., & Jung, D. H. (2023). The effects of Korean Red Ginseng on stress-related neurotransmitters and gene expression: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of ginseng research, 47(6), 766–772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2023.08.001 
    13. Harrington R. N. (2023). Effects of branched chain amino acids, l-citrulline, and alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine supplementation on exercise performance in trained cyclists: a randomized crossover trial. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 20(1), 2214112. https://doi.org/10.1080/15502783.2023.2214112 
    14. Samadi, M., Askarian, A., Shirvani, H., Shamsoddini, A., Shakibaee, A., Forbes, S. C., & Kaviani, M. (2022). Effects of Four Weeks of Beta-Alanine Supplementation Combined with One Week of Creatine Loading on Physical and Cognitive Performance in Military Personnel. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(13). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137992